Introduction: The nose takes an important part in establishing a beautiful appearance. Nose is also a prominant feature of the face. Anthropometry of facial symmetry and proportions is regarded as a factor of beauty in a particular population. Aims & Objectives: To compare preoperative and postoperative anthropometric measurements based on an adult patient life-size photograph and subjective satisfaction using Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation score (ROE) preoperatively and postoperatively in adult patients undergoing Primary Rhinoplasty in north Indian population. Materials: The study was comprised of patients aged 18 years or above with cosmetic and/or functional disorders requiring primary rhinoplasty and the sample size was 20 patients. Result: According to the Rhinoplasty outcome evaluation score, 17 patients had excellent satisfaction, 2 patients had good satisfaction and 1 patient had acceptable satisfaction. Conclusion: Patients belonging to lower socioeconomic background had less surgical expectations and were highly satisfied with the outcomes. According to our research, females had higher satisfaction than male after primary rhinoplasty.

Introduction: Thyroid disorders are among the most prevalent endocrine abnormalities encountered during pregnancy, posing significant risks to both maternal and fetal health. The physiological changes inherent to pregnancy, such as increased blood volume and altered renal clearance, can influence thyroid function tests, making the diagnosis and management of thyroid dysfunctions particularly challenging. Aims and Objectives: This prospective study aims to assess the prevalence and pattern of thyroid disorders among pregnant women, providing valuable insights that could inform screening strategies and management protocols in clinical practice. Materials and Methods: The present study was a prospective observational study. This Study was conducted from March 2024 to February. Total 60 patients were included in this study. Result: The study of 60 pregnant women revealed that most participants were in the 26–30 years age group (n = 25, 41.7%), with a slightly higher proportion being multigravida (n = 32, 53.3%). The majority of women were euthyroid (n = 40, 66.7%), while hypothyroidism (n = 15, 25%) was more common than hyperthyroidism (n = 5, 8.3%). Subclinical forms of both hypothyroidism (n = 10, 66.7%) and hyperthyroidism (n = 3, 60%) predominated over overt forms. Thyroid dysfunction was more frequently observed in the later stages of pregnancy, whereas euthyroid status was more common in the first trimester, highlighting the importance of monitoring thyroid function throughout gestation. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that a majority of pregnant women maintained normal thyroid function, while a notable proportion exhibited thyroid dysfunction, with hypothyroidism being more common than hyperthyroidism.

Introduction: First-trimester vaginal bleeding is a common obstetric complication occurring in approximately 20-25% of pregnancies and is a significant cause of concern for patients and clinicians alike. The etiology of bleeding in early pregnancy varies widely, ranging from benign causes such as implantation bleeding to more serious conditions like threatened miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, and molar pregnancy. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the foeto-maternal outcomes in pregnancies with first-trimester vaginal bleeding and to assess its association with adverse pregnancy, neonatal, and maternal complications. Materials and Methods: The present study was a Prospective study. This Study was conducted from December2020 to July2021 at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NilratanSircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata. Total 60 patients were included in this study. Result: In our study, 88.09% of cases with abnormal ultrasound and 100% with an open cervical os resulted in abortion, while mode of delivery showed no significant association with gestational age (p=0.918). Among 21 live-born neonates, 28.57% had IUGR and 23.81% had respiratory distress, with 45% requiring NICU admission. Maternal complications included PIH in 30% and PPROM in 15% of cases. Conclusion: In our study, first-trimester bleeding was associated with a wide spectrum of maternal and neonatal outcomes. Vaginal delivery was the predominant mode of birth, and women without a prior history of abortion generally had more favorable pregnancy courses.

Introduction: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common gastrointestinal emergency, often complicated by local manifestations such as pancreatic necrosis, pseudocysts, fluid collections, and abscesses. Timely and accurate detection of these complications is crucial for patient management and prognosis. Imaging modalities such as ultrasonography (USG) and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) play a pivotal role in diagnosis. Aims: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of USG and CECT in identifying the local complications of acute pancreatitis. Materials and Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College, Kolkata, from January 2020 to June 2021. It included a total of 50 middle-aged patients with clinically suspected or biochemically/radiologically confirmed acute pancreatitis, who were referred for abdominal ultrasonography (USG) and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) from the emergency or outpatient departments. USG and CECT were performed on all patients, and the findings were recorded in a pre-designed proforma and subsequently analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. Results: In our study of 50 acute pancreatitis patients, USG showed pancreatic enlargement (head 30%, body 30%, tail 24%), heterogeneous echo texture (72%), peripancreatic collections (54%), pseudo cysts (26%), walled-off necrosis (8%), and portal vein thrombus (6%). CECT detected peripancreatic fat stranding (88%), pancreatic enlargement (head 46%, body 58%, tail 48%), fluid collections, pseudo cysts (28–30%), walled-off necrosis (6–12%), and venous thrombosis (portal 12%, splenic 4%). Overall, CT was superior in detecting pancreatic enlargement, localizing pseudo cysts, necrosisand identifying venous thrombosis or other vascular complication. Conclusion: While USG remains a useful initial, non-invasive, bedside tool for screening local complications of acute pancreatitis, CECT is the imaging modality of choice for comprehensive evaluation, accurate diagnosis, and guiding therapeutic decisions. Integration of both modalities enhances diagnostic confidence and optimizes patient care.

Background: Preeclampsia is a major hypertensive disorder of pregnancy associated with substantial maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Early identification of markers reflecting disease severity is crucial for timely intervention. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an indicator of cellular injury and endothelial dysfunction, has emerged as a potential prognostic biomarker. Objective: To study serum LDH levels in women with preeclampsia and evaluate its correlation with disease severity and maternal outcomes. Methods: This observational study was conducted on 200 women with preeclampsia at a tertiary care hospital. Patients were classified into two groups: preeclampsia without severe features and with severe features, based on ACOG criteria. LDH levels were categorized into three groups: <600 IU/L, 600–800 IU/L, and >800 IU/L. Blood pressure, maternal complications, and outcomes were compared across groups. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test, ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation. Results: Among the study population, 57.5% had preeclampsia without severe features and 42.5% had severe disease. Mean LDH levels were significantly higher in the severe group (822.05 ± 539.99 IU/L) compared to the non-severe group (356.49 ± 102.28 IU/L, p<0.001). LDH levels showed a strong positive correlation with systolic blood pressure (r=0.613) and a moderate correlation with diastolic blood pressure (r=0.465). Maternal complications such as eclampsia, abruption, HELLP syndrome, and mortality were more frequent in patients with LDH >800 IU/L. Conclusion: Elevated serum LDH levels strongly correlate with the severity of preeclampsia and adverse maternal outcomes, making LDH a reliable and cost-effective prognostic marker for disease monitoring.

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the gold standard for the management of symptomatic gallstone disease. However, certain cases become technically challenging, resulting in prolonged operative time, intraoperative complications, or conversion to open surgery. Identifying preoperative predictive factors is crucial for better surgical planning and patient counselling. Aim and Objectives: To evaluate preoperative demographic, clinical, and ultrasonographic factors that can predict the difficulty of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis. Materials and Method: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College, Karimnagar, over one year. A total of 53 patients undergoing elective LC were included after informed consent. Preoperative demographic variables (age, sex, BMI), clinical history (acute cholecystitis, duration of symptoms, hospitalizations), laboratory findings, and ultrasonographic parameters (gallbladder wall thickness, number of stones, impacted stone, pericholecystic fluid) were recorded. Operative details such as adhesions, Calot’s triangle dissection, operative time, spillage, and conversion were assessed. Difficulty was graded using validated scoring systems. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square and Student’s t-test with p<0.05 considered significant. Results: Among the 53 patients, 60.4% were female and 32.1% were obese (BMI ≥30). Difficult LC was encountered in 34% of cases, and 11.3% required conversion to open surgery. Significant predictors included age ≥50 years (p=0.01), male sex (p=0.02), BMI ≥30 (p=0.03), prior acute cholecystitis (p=0.04), gallbladder wall thickness >3 mm (p=0.002), and impacted stone at Hartmann’s pouch (p=0.01). Conclusion: Preoperative factors such as advanced age, male sex, obesity, prior acute cholecystitis, gallbladder wall thickening, and impacted stones are strong predictors of difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Their recognition enables surgeons to anticipate challenges, optimize operative planning, and improve patient safety.

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory nasal mucosal disorder caused by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions to environmental allergens. It severely affects quality of life and is accompanied by comorbid diseases like asthma, sinusitis, and conjunctivitis. Symptomatic relief with conventional therapy using antihistamines and corticosteroids is achieved without altering the underlying immunological process. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) has also been the sole disease-modifying therapy, seeking to promote long-lasting tolerance to allergens and weaken symptom severity. Objective: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhinitis in terms of symptom improvement, reduction in medication use, and overall quality of life. Methods: Prospective observational study was undertaken for 12 months at a tertiary care center on 100 patients aged 20-40 years diagnosed with moderate to severe allergic rhinitis as per clinical history, nasal endoscopy, and positive skin prick test or specific IgE assay. SCIT was administered according to individual allergen sensitivity in build-up and maintenance phases to the patients. Severity of symptoms was measured with Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) and Visual AnalogScale (VAS), while the quality of life was determined by Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ). The measurements were conducted at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Results: Substantial reduction in TNSS and VAS scores from baseline to the 12-month follow-up (p < 0.001) reflected significant improvement of nasal symptoms including sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, and itching. Medication use declined considerably, with 78% of the patients reporting minimal use of rescue medications at one year of treatment. RQLQ scores indicated enhanced general quality of life, especially in areas associated with sleep, activity, and social function. There were no significant systemic adverse reactions; local injection site reactions were mild and transient. Conclusion: Immunotherapy was effective and safe as a treatment method in patients with allergic rhinitis, with significant reduction in symptom severity, drug dependence, and improving quality of life. These findings reaffirm the position of immunotherapy as an anchor in the long-term management of allergic rhinitis.

Background: Elastography, including strain elastography (SE) and shear wave elastography (SWE), has emerged as a non-invasive adjunct to conventional ultrasound (US) for differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions. Optimal parameter cut-offs and their impact on diagnostic performance remain under investigation. Objective: To synthesize evidence on the diagnostic accuracy, optimal thresholds, and clinical utility of SE and SWE in breast lesion evaluation. Methods: A systematic review of ten studies (2015-2025) was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, encompassing 3,905 breast lesions across diverse populations. Studies were 6 prospective and 4 retrospective, with sample sizes ranging from 59 to 2,262. Main outcomes included sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve (AUC), and effect of combining elastography with BI-RADS US. Results: SWE Emax cut-offs ranged from 30–196 kPa, with sensitivities of 60.0–97.5% and specificities of 54.8–93.1%. SE strain ratio cut-offs (2.86–2.93) achieved sensitivities of 77.3–95.8% and specificities of 75.0–89.3%. Combining elastography with US improved specificity (up to +11.3%) without significant sensitivity loss, particularly in BI-RADS 4a lesions. Some studies reported improved predictive power when SWE was integrated with tumor biomarkers (e.g., Ki-67 in ER+ tumors) or lesion morphological features (peritumoral stiffness). SWE also correlated with tumor aggressiveness, histological subtype, and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusion: SE and SWE enhance diagnostic performance beyond conventional US, enabling more accurate lesion characterization, reducing unnecessary biopsies, and supporting personalized treatment strategies. SWE cut-offs should be tailored to lesion type (mass vs non-mass-like) and clinical context to balance sensitivity and specificity.

Background: Allergic conjunctivitis is rarely vision-threatening but decreases the quality of life of the patients if untreated. Method: Out of 140 patients with allergic conjunctivitis studied, visual acuity was measured using the smallest charts, and a slit lamp examination was done on every patient. 70 patients were administered topical 0.1% olopatadine (group A), and 70 were administered 1.5%. Bepostine eye drops BD on the 7th and 21st – 28th days. Further grading of signs and symptom scores were compared in both patients, and significant results were noted. Results: Group A was treated with 0.1% olopatadine eye drops, and Group B was treated with bepotastine 1.5% on the 7th day. Redness grading was 0 in 92.8% of patients, and 5 patients had a 1 redness score in Bepotastine; 82.8% of patients had a 0 grade of redness, and 17.1% had a 1 grade of redness in olopatadine. Conclusion: Although both olopatadine 0.1 and bepotastine besilate 1.5% are effective in treating allergic conjunctivitis. However, bepotastine besilate is more efficient in the early control of itching and redness in allergic conjunctivitis.