Polycystic ovary syndrome affects 6 to 15% of reproductive age women worldwide. Women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have focused on diagnosis, menstrual cycle abnormalities, hirsutism and infertility. It is associated with increased risk of miscarriage, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preeclampsia, preterm delivery, and birth of small for gestational age infant. This review aims to summarize current knowledge regarding the clinical and pathophysiological features of pregnancy and children in women with PCOS.

Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene macrolide class of antifungal agent and it is the drug of choice for systemic fungal infection, but unfortunately, oral bioavailability of this drug is negligible due to its low aqueous solubility. Amphotericin-B is a potent and effective antifungal medication used for serious fungal infections. It is used to treat aspergillosis, blastomycosys, candidiasis and cryptococcosis and many other fungal infection. It is typically given by injection into a vein, now a day’s it used topically like-cream and gel.  Common side effects fever, chills, headaches and Naphrotoxicity (kidney problem). Amphotericin-B act as forming pores in cell membrane that causes leakage of monovalent ions and subsequent fungal cell death.

According to research, skin aging results in a constant deteriorating process due to protein and cellular DNA damage. The primary goal is to formulate an anti-aging herbal cream utilizing only natural ingredients; Amla, curcuma longa, hibiscus, pipper-mint, olive oil, vitamin E, green tea, coconut oil, aloe vera, basil oil, and other natural APIs include pomegranate and ginseng. Natural ingredients are used to create this water-in-oil emulsion-based cream. All of the substances together can be considered a multifunctional cream, and further studies on the cream’s stability and irritancy on skin can be conducted.

COVID-19 may be a very contagion caused by a recently discovered called corona virus. Novel corona virus was found in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. World Health Organization has declared the COVID-19 as pandemic disease and outbreak as a health emergency globally. Novel Corona Virus is additionally referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus- 2. The foremost infected people with corona virus show commonly respiratory illness like- fever, cold, sneezing, cough, pneumonia, upper respiratory illness, GIT disease like nausea, vomiting as symptoms. Recently published evidences stated that light Fever and cough within the 80 % patients, shortness of breath in 30-35% patients and 10-15% patients show Muscle ache and other ache. Novel Corona virus enters through the membrane ACE-2 receptor within the human cell. Corona virus is spherical or pleomorphic, single stranded, enveloped ribose macromolecule and included club shaped glycoprotein. SARS, Respiratory (breathing) infections are often transmission via droplets of various diameter like >5-10 micrometer. Molecular test administered with respiratory samples, like throat swab, sputum and broncholveolar lavage and in some severe cases it reported in stool and blood also. After the WHO and other diagnostic guideline said that the PCR and RT-PCR test reported for corona diagnosis.

Detection of veins is very important technique in the medical clinic applications. Moreover, early detection of cancer, especially breast cancer is the important with patient. This paper presents a preliminary study on the design and fabrication of blood vessel and breast tumor detection devices (BVTDD). The BVTDD device uses a red to a near-infrared light-emitting diode that allows practitioners or doctors to visualize blood vessels and superficial organizations like breast tumors with the naked eye. It has three operating modes including start, shallow test and deep test with a scanning time of 3-5 minutes. The results showed that the BVTDD could provide clear images of blood vessels and breast tumors with the skin penetration depth up to 15 cm. The breast tumor scan tests with the BVTDD for the patients were also found in good agreement with the respective MRI scans. The BBDD device has the advantages of simplicity, ease to use, providing potential practical applications in the medical field, e.g., for assisting superficial tumor diagnoses with MRI and/or CT scans.

Alopecia is the medical term for hair loss and baldness It is a health condition in which hair is lost from some or all areas of the body usually from the scalp Hair loss can be caused due to different reasons such as genetic tendencies environmental triggers, exposure to chemicals medicines nutritional deficiency, extreme stress or long illness based on hair loss pattern and causes alopecia is classified into several categories. The two major form Alopecia areata and Androgenetic alopecia are of main concern at present aumbeseveraltic remedies like Corticosteroids, dithranol. Tretinoin, minoxidil, zincstsystemtisone irritantsimmuno suppressants drugsafinasteridezelaic acid are available for the treatment of Alopecia (both Androgenetic and Areata), However, no single or multiple pharmacological therapies are providing Alopecia patients with satisfying and long-term outcomes. Besides, several effects are associated with the use of these synthetic compounds, including erythema, scaling, pruritis, dermatitis, itching, so to cope with the problem of Harihar’s, here we haveloed into the Ne’s treasure and found a number several h proved records for the treatment of alopecia. Nutritional support, DHT blockers and 5-αReductase blockers, Aromatherapy, and improved scalp blood circulation are the proposed mechanisms of action for these herbal remedies   being natural drugs here are many advantages of using them like patient compliance fewer side-effects easy availability low-cost and more than one mode of action for the treatment of Alopecia baldness.

Alopecia is the medical term for hair loss and baldness It is a health condition in which hair is lost from some or all areas of the body usually from the scalp Hair loss can be caused due to different reasons such as genetic tendencies environmental triggers, exposure to chemicals medicines nutritional deficiency, extreme stress or long illness based on hair loss pattern and causes alopecia is classified into several categories. The two major form Alopecia areata and Androgenetic alopecia are of main concern at present aumbeseveraltic remedies like Corticosteroids, dithranol. Tretinoin, minoxidil, zincstsystemtisone irritantsimmunosuppressants drugsafinasteridezelaic acid are available for the treatment of Alopecia (both Androgenetic and Areata), However, no single or multiple pharmacological therapies are providing Alopecia patients with satisfying and long-term outcomes. Besides, several effects are associated with the use of these synthetic compounds, including erythema, scaling, pruritis, dermatitis, itching, so to cope with the problem of Harihar’s, here we haveloed into the Ne’s treasure and found a number several h proved records for the treatment of alopecia. Nutritional support, DHT blockers and 5-αReductase blockers, Aromatherapy, and improved scalp blood circulation are the proposed mechanisms of action for these herbal remedies   being natural drugs here are many advantages of using them like patient compliance fewer side-effects easy availability low-cost and more than one mode of action for the treatment of Alopecia baldness.

As the skin is the largest organ of the human body, the importance of maintaining homeostasis and protecting the skin from ultraviolet radiation is essential. Neglecting it can result in wrinkles, hair loss, blisters, rashes, life-threatening cancers, and disorders in immune regulation. UV radiation enormously influences the skin, causing maturing, sun related burns, precancerous and destructive injuries, and immunosuppressant. UV radiation immunosuppressive affects the antigen-introducing cells inside the epidermis and adds to the probability of skin disease. There are three sorts of UV radiation: UVC, UVB, and UVA. The ozone layer ingests 100 percent of UVC, 90% of UVB, and an insignificant measure of UVA. Hence, the consumption of the ozone layer expands UV transmission. Aloe vera is a strong, enduring, tropical, dry season safe, delicious plant having a place with the Liliaceae family which, generally has been utilized for an assortment of therapeutic purposes. Cucumber extract has strong moisturizing abilities as well as mild astringent effects. It also helps remove dead skin cells and tightens skin.

In present scenario, the drug delivery system has become highly competitive and rapidly most evolving with ever increasing demand. Fast dissolving tablet (FDT) is such type of a novel and unique drug delivery system which is intensely gaining much attention in the research field of rapid dissolving technology.
In the present projected study, the effect of natural Super disintegrants in the of fast dissolving tablet formulation of Hyoscine Butylbromide is carried out Butylscopolamine, also known as HBB is a peripherally acting antimuscarinic, anticholinergic agent. It is used in treatment of pain and discomfort caused by abdominal cramps, menstrual cramps, or any other spasmodic activity in the digestive system. In the present work 9 formulations of FDT (Fast dissolving tablet) of Hyoscine Butylbromide were prepared by using Super disintegrants was evaluated and compiles with the official parameters and specifications. Various formulations were prepared using different super disintegrants with three concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%) by direct compression method. The mixed blend was evaluated for pre-compression parameters like Angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, and then tablet evaluated with various post-compression parameters like thickness, drug content, hardness, weight variation, wetting time, friability, disintegration time, dissolution time, drug release study. Formulation F5 showed 98.50% drug release at the end of 3 minutes. The best formulations among these were also found to be stable and optimized formulations were subjected to the stability studies as per ICH guideline.

Objective: Body condition a reliable indicator of energetic condition, has an important fitness consequence. The natural population of Duttaphrynus melanostictus in response to environmental cues shows several physiologic changes such as reproductive activity, hibernation, aestivation, and metabolic depression in different seasons. Methods: Duttaphrynus melanostictuswere collected from the local area in North Orissa University in Baripada, Mayurbhanj in different seasons like summer, rainy, winter. We evaluated the seasonal variation of liver and kidney tissue in the Asian common toad Duttaphrynus melanostictusin different statistical methods. The lipid peroxidation (LPX), ascorbic acid (ASA), lipid, reduced glutathione (GSH), protein content superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activity in liver and kidney tissue were measured indifferent season. Results: Results of the present study show both tissue’s protein content highest in winter, GSH content highest in rainy, LPX content highest in rainy, ASA content highest in summer, lipid content highest in rainy, SOD content highest in summer, and catalase content highest at winter season. Conclusion: The current study sought to investigate eco-physiological interactions, as well as to assess environmental impact or risk in the natural population of the poikilotherms Duttaphrynus melanostictus using OS physiology parameters as markers. The current study found that seasonal variation provided significant information in the liver and kidney tissue of Duttaphrynus melanostictus.

The main aim of present study was to develop a recent advanced Bigel topical drug delivery of Amphotericin-B and Miconazole to improve patient compliance, to avoid the side effects, first pass metabolism and increase local onset absorption and action. polyene antifungals, amphotericin B associates with ergosterol, the main component of fungal cell membranes, forming a transmembrane channel that acts as monovalent ion (K+, Na+, H+ and Cl−) leakage, which is the primary effect resulting in fungal cell death. Miconazole interfare with 14-α sterol demethylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme essential for conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol. These turn in inhibition in synthesis of ergosterol and also enhance cellular permeability of fungus due to reduced amounts of ergosterol present in the fungal cell membrane. Methods: Topical Bigel formulations development of Amphotericin-B and Miconazole were prepared by using Different-different concentration of polymers to enhance the stability and viscosity. Nine different formulations of Amphotericin-B and Miconazole were prepared and evaluated standard parameters with their colour, Spreadability, viscosity, determination of pH, drug content of formulations, in vitro drug release studies, and stability studies.  Results: DSC of the drug samples represents the purity of drug. FT-IR study show that there were no any interaction between the both drugs, Polymers, and other excipients. All the designed and developed formulations of Amphotericin-B and Miconazole show acceptable standard physical properties. The drug content and percentage yield were higher for BG1 formulation among all formulation. BG1 shows the best drug release. Stability study of the best formulations BG1 with Carbopol polymer was found with best results. Conclusion: From the above observation results concluded that formulation BG1 may be more effective topical formulation for the healing and treating of fungal infections.

Objective: The lingual lymph nodes (LLNs), inconstant nodes that are frequently positioned beyond the regions of basic tongue tumor surgery, are where squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCC of the tongue) most frequently metastasizes. In comparison to cervical lymph node metastasis, the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic significance of LLN metastasis (LLNM) were examined in the current study in patients with tongue SCC. Method: At Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi over the course of two years, aggressive surgery was performed on 250 patients with tongue SCC. We examined and resected lateral LLNs during neck dissection when they were present. Twenty individuals had both cervical lymph node metastases and LLNM the 125 patients who had lymph node metastasis. According to a univariate study, LLNM was significantly linked to the negative aspects of cervical lymph node metastases. Results: Patients with LLNMs had significantly poorer 5-year disease-specific survival (5y-DSS) rates than patients without LLNMs (49.1% vs. 88.3%, P<0.02). Additionally, cervical lymph node metastasis at levels IV or V and LLNM were found to be separate prognostic variables for 5y-DSS in Cox proportional hazards model analysis. Conclusion: In individuals with tongue SCC, LLNM has a significant detrimental effect on survival. LLNM may be predicted by the advanced stage of cervical lymph node metastasis.

Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) is a set of quality control and assurance principles and guidelines that are essential in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical, biotechnological, and medical device products. GMP ensures that these products are consistently produced and controlled according to established quality standards to ensure their safety, efficacy, and quality. Local manufacturers are responsible for understanding and complying with the GMP regulations and guidelines set by the regulatory authorities in their respective countries. They must ensure that their manufacturing processes, facilities, and quality control systems meet the required standards. Competent authorities play a vital role in the oversight and enforcement of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards in the pharmaceutical, biotechnological, and medical device industries. These authorities are government agencies or regulatory bodies responsible for ensuring compliance with GMP regulations and guidelines. Competent authorities are responsible for developing and implementing GMP regulations and guidelines that outline the requirements for manufacturing, quality control, and distribution of pharmaceutical products.

Introduction: Stroke in younger individuals often has nontraditional causes compared to older patients, and one of the most significant yet often under-recognized contributors is cardiac pathology. A thorough cardiac evaluation in these patients is not only crucial for identifying emboli originating from the heart or aorta, but it also helps in uncovering underlying or concurrent coronary heart disease. Objectives: To evaluate the cardiac causes of stroke in young patients. This study aims to identify the cardioembolic pathophysiology behind ischemic symptoms and detect concomitant coronary artery disease. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four patients aged 18-50 years with documented ischemic stroke were included in the study and underwent various relevant investigations. Results: Abnormal electrocardiograms were found in 10 patients (15.6%). Holter monitoring identified abnormal rhythms in 4 patients (6.2%), two of whom had atrial fibrillation. Transoesophageal echocardiography revealed spontaneous echo contrast in 4 patients (6.2%). Conclusion: Our series of cardiac evaluations in young stroke patients highlights the significant importance of assessing cardiac disease, observed in less than 10% of the study population.

Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and accurate localization of the infarct is essential for early diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. Electrocardiography (ECG) and 2D echocardiography (Echo) are widely available, non-invasive tools used to identify the site and extent of myocardial damage. This study evaluates the correlation between ECG and Echo in localizing infarction in AMI patients. Aim: To assess the correlation between ECG findings and echocardiographic localization of infarction in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methodology: A total of 40 AMI patients admitted to the CCU at GGH Kadapa were included based on WHO diagnostic criteria. Detailed clinical evaluation, ECG at admission, and early 2D Echocardiography were performed. Patients with prior MI, conduction defects, cardiomyopathies, or valvular and pericardial diseases were excluded. Infarct localization on ECG was compared with regional wall motion abnormalities on Echo. Results: ECG showed anterior wall MI in 40%, inferior wall in 37.5%, anteroseptal in 12.5%, and anteroinferior in 10%. Echo demonstrated more detailed involvement, including extensive anterior, anteroseptal-apical, and combined inferior-RV infarctions. A strong correlation was observed for anterior wall MI, while inferior MI showed broader extension on Echo. Conclusion: ECG and Echo correlate well in localizing the infarct site in AMI. Echocardiography provides greater clarity on the extent of regional wall motion abnormalities, making both modalities complementary in diagnosis and management.

Background: Chronic medical diseases account for a significant portion of global morbidity and mortality and are commonly associated with various psychiatric comorbidities. The interplay between physical and psychological disorders can lead to poor treatment compliance, unfavorable disease outcomes, diminished quality of life, and worse prognosis. However, psychiatric morbidity continues to be underdiagnosed and inadequately managed in patients attending tertiary-care institutions, particularly within low-resource environments. Aim: This study was conducted to assess the prevalence, types, and predictors of psychiatric morbidity in individuals suffering from chronic medical conditions at a tertiary-care centre. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 76 patients diagnosed with chronic medical illnesses, enrolled from both outpatient and inpatient units of Medicine and allied departments in a tertiary-care hospital. Sociodemographic variables and relevant clinical data were obtained through a semi-structured proforma. Psychiatric morbidity was assessed using the GHQ-28 to measure psychological distress, the HADS to screen for anxiety and depression, and the MINI for diagnostic confirmation. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0. Descriptive statistics summarized baseline data, and Chi-square and logistic regression tests were applied to evaluate associations and independent predictors, considering p < 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: A total of 120 patients with chronic medical illnesses were evaluated. The majority were middle-aged (46–60 years: 34.2%) and married (76.7%), with a slight male predominance (55%). The most common medical conditions were diabetes mellitus (29.2%) and hypertension (23.3%), followed by ischemic heart disease (15.8%) and chronic kidney disease (13.3%). Overall, psychiatric morbidity was present in 65.8% of patients, with depression (26.7%) and anxiety disorders (18.3%) being most frequent. Psychiatric morbidity was significantly higher among females (75.9%) than males (57.6%) (p = 0.041). Logistic regression identified female gender, low socioeconomic status, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease as independent predictors of psychiatric morbidity (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Psychiatric morbidity was found to be highly prevalent among patients with chronic medical illnesses, particularly among females and individuals with diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease. These results underscore the importance of incorporating routine psychiatric screening and integrated psychosocial interventions into tertiary-care settings to ensure comprehensive patient management.

Background: Accurate differentiation of focal liver lesions (FLLs) is crucial for management, yet conventional ultrasound, CT, and MRI may not reliably separate benign from malignant lesions. Ultrasound elastography quantifies tissue stiffness and may improve non‑invasive lesion characterization. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of strain and shear‑wave elastography parameters for distinguishing benign from malignant FLLs in a prospective cohort of 159 patients. Materials and Methods: Consecutive adults with at least one FLL on prior imaging underwent B‑mode ultrasound followed by strain and shear‑wave elastography using a convex 3.5 MHz transducer. For each lesion, stiffness (kPa), stiffness ratio (lesion:liver), shear wave velocity (SWV, m/s), and strain ratio were obtained from multiple high‑quality measurements, and final diagnosis was established by histopathology or characteristic multimodality imaging. Group differences were analysed and receiver operating characteristic curves with Youden index were used to define optimal cut‑offs, sensitivity, and specificity.​ Results: Among 159 lesions, 124 (78.0%) were malignant and 35 (22.0%) were benign. Malignant lesions had higher mean stiffness (34.35 vs 10.27 kPa), stiffness ratio (3.71 vs 1.47), SWV (2.55 vs 1.58 m/s), and strain ratio (3.48 vs 1.15) compared with benign lesions. Optimal thresholds yielded sensitivities/specificities of 83.1%/100.0% for stiffness (19.08 kPa), 87.9%/88.6% for SWV (2.08 m/s), 67.7%/97.1% for stiffness ratio (2.37), and 100.0%/100.0% for strain ratio (2.23).​ Conclusion: Quantitative strain and shear‑wave elastography provide robust complementary information for FLL characterization, with marked stiffness differences between benign and malignant lesions. The excellent diagnostic performance of strain ratio and SWV supports routine integration of elastography into liver ultrasound to enhance risk stratification and potentially reduce unnecessary liver biopsies.

Background: Acute viral hepatitis caused by Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of jaundice in developing countries, particularly in regions with poor sanitation and contaminated water supply. Both viruses are transmitted through the fecal–oral route and are responsible for sporadic infections as well as outbreaks. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical and biochemical spectrum of acute viral hepatitis A and E in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This observational study was conducted using data obtained from the Hospital Management Information System (HMIS) of the Central Pathology Laboratory at MGM Medical College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, from January 2019 to January 2020. A total of 139 patients with acute viral hepatitis were included, of which 74 were HAV positive and 65 were HEV positive. Demographic details, clinical presentations and biochemical parameters including liver function tests (LFT), renal function tests (RFT) and prothrombin time were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: HAV infection was more common among patients aged 0–19 years (73%), whereas HEV infection predominantly affected the 20–39 years age group (69.24%). Gender distribution in HAV cases was almost equal, while HEV showed male predominance (58.4%). The most common clinical manifestations were jaundice, yellow coloured urine, nausea and vomiting. Biochemical analysis revealed markedly elevated serum bilirubin and liver enzymes (SGOT and SGPT) in both infections. Co-infection with HEV was observed in 16.21% of HAV cases. The overall prognosis was favorable with no mortality. Conclusion: HAV predominantly affects children, whereas HEV is more common among young adults. Both infections present with similar clinical features and marked biochemical derangements but usually follow a self-limiting course.

Background: Cervical lymphadenopathy is a common clinical condition resulting from a variety of benign and malignant disorders. Although histopathological examination remains the gold standard for diagnosis, ultrasonography offers a non-invasive, readily available, and cost-effective modality for evaluating cervical lymph nodes. Assessment of specific sonographic characteristics may aid in differentiating benign from malignant lymphadenopathy and facilitate early clinical decision-making. Aim: To evaluate the role of ultrasound characteristics in predicting the histopathological diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational cross-sectional study was conducted on 90 patients presenting with cervical lymphadenopathy at a tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of 18 months. All patients underwent high-resolution gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasonography followed by histopathological evaluation through fine-needle aspiration cytology, core needle biopsy, or excisional biopsy. Sonographic parameters assessed included lymph node shape, border characteristics, echogenic hilum, internal necrosis, calcification, and vascular pattern. Histopathological findings were considered the reference standard. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 27.0, and associations were evaluated using the Chi-square test. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Histopathological examination revealed that 58 (64.4%) lymph nodes were benign and 32 (35.6%) were malignant. Round lymph node shape was significantly associated with malignancy (78.1%), whereas oval shape was predominantly associated with benign lesions (79.3%) (p<0.001). Absence of echogenic hilum showed a strong association with malignant lymphadenopathy (84.4%), while preserved hilum was mainly observed in benign nodes (84.5%) (p<0.001). Irregular nodal borders (75.0%), internal necrosis (59.4%), calcification (25.0%), and peripheral/mixed vascularity (81.2%) were significantly more frequent in malignant lymph nodes compared with benign nodes (p<0.05). Among the evaluated sonographic features, absent echogenic hilum, peripheral/mixed vascularity, irregular borders, and round shape demonstrated the strongest association with malignant histopathological diagnosis. Conclusion: Ultrasonographic characteristics correlate significantly with the histopathological diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy. Round nodal shape, absent echogenic hilum, irregular borders, internal necrosis, calcification, and peripheral/mixed vascularity are important predictors of malignancy. Ultrasonography serves as a valuable non-invasive tool for the initial evaluation of cervical lymphadenopathy; however, histopathological examination remains essential for definitive diagnosis.

Background: Thyroid nodules are common endocrine abnormalities, and differentiating benign from malignant lesions remains a significant clinical challenge. The American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR TI-RADS) was developed to standardize ultrasound reporting and improve risk stratification of thyroid nodules. Histopathological examination remains the gold standard for definitive diagnosis. Aim: To evaluate the correlation between TI-RADS classification and histopathological findings in thyroid nodules and to determine the diagnostic accuracy of TI-RADS in predicting thyroid malignancy. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on 110 patients with thyroid nodules who underwent ultrasonographic evaluation and subsequent histopathological examination. Thyroid nodules were categorized according to the ACR TI-RADS classification system (TR1–TR5). Histopathological diagnosis was considered the gold standard. The association between TI-RADS categories and histopathological findings was assessed using the Chi-square test. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall diagnostic accuracy were calculated using standard 2 × 2 contingency tables. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 27.0, and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 42.8 ± 12.6 years, and females constituted 80.0% of the study population. The most common TI-RADS category was TR4 (34.5%), followed by TR3 (29.1%). Histopathological examination revealed that colloid nodules were the most frequent lesion (38.2%), followed by nodular goiter (21.8%) and follicular adenoma (14.5%). Among malignant lesions, papillary thyroid carcinoma was the predominant subtype (14.5%), followed by follicular carcinoma (3.7%). A statistically significant association was observed between TI-RADS classification and histopathological diagnosis (p < 0.001). All TR1 and TR2 nodules were benign, while malignancy rates increased progressively across higher TI-RADS categories, reaching 85.7% in TR5 nodules. When TR4 and TR5 categories were considered positive for malignancy, TI-RADS correctly identified 26 of 28 malignant lesions and 68 of 82 benign lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and overall diagnostic accuracy of TI-RADS were 92.9%, 82.9%, 65.0%, 97.1%, and 85.5%, respectively. Conclusion: A significant correlation exists between TI-RADS classification and histopathological findings in thyroid nodules. The risk of malignancy increases progressively with higher TI-RADS categories. TI-RADS demonstrated excellent sensitivity, high negative predictive value, and good overall diagnostic accuracy, making it a reliable, non-invasive risk stratification tool for the evaluation of thyroid nodules and for guiding decisions regarding biopsy, surgery, and clinical follow-up.

Background: Anemia presents an important global health challenge, notably affecting pediatric populations in India, where children aged 6-59 months face an alarming 58% prevalence. Accurate hemoglobin assessment is pivotal for diagnosing anemia, underlining the critical need for accessible point-of-care devices in regions with limited resources. The Pocketchem Hemog emerges as a promising solution, poised to transform diagnostic approaches, especially in pediatric healthcare settings. Beyond anemia, monitoring hemoglobin and hematocrit proves crucial in diseases such as dengue in Pediatric critical Care Units (PCCUs). Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the Pocketchem Hemog device’s accuracy compared to an automated hematology analyzer, and exploring its potential in rapid detection anemia and identifying the severity of dengue. Methodology: This nine-month prospective study was conducted at a tertiary hospital which included 250 children between the ages 1 to 12 months. The subjects were assessed for haemoglobin and haematocrit count using a pocketchem hemog and comparing them with the automated analyzer findings. Serial haematocrit assessments were done in dengue patients admitted in PICU using capillary blood with hemog and it was compared with the venous blood HCT using automated analyser in the lab. The data was noted and analysed for association and correlation using SSPS software. Result: The mean Hemoglobin (Hb) values from capillary prick by Pocketchem Hemog and laboratory measurements the means are 11.0 and 11.75 mg/dl, (p = 0.0027) .The mean values between Hb in venous blood by Pocketchem Hemog and lab are 11.8 g/dl and 11.75g/dl,( p value of 0.000). Comparisons of mean Hematocrit (HCT) values between HCT Prick and HCT Lab yielded mean values of 33.25 % and 34.37 % (p=0.000), as well as HCT Venous Blood with Pocketchem Hemog and HCT Lab gave the man values of 34.34 % and 34.37% respectively (p = 0.0034). Strong positive correlation was observed in serial HCT measurements which further prove the positive statistical association thereby establishing the reliability of the device. Conclusion: Pocketchem hemog is a reliable method for hemoglobin and haematocrit estimation which can be done bedside, time saving and cost benefiting. Studies with more sample size in various geographical locations are necessary to validate it as a clinically reliable tool.

Background: Leg cramps are among the most common musculoskeletal complaints experienced during pregnancy, particularly during the second and third trimesters. Frequent nocturnal leg cramps negatively affect sleep quality, physical well-being, and quality of life. Non-pharmacological interventions such as stretching exercises have been suggested as safe and effective methods for alleviating pregnancy-related leg cramps. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of stretching exercises on reducing leg cramps and improving sleep quality among pregnant women in urban Chennai. Methods: A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group study was conducted among 120 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in urban Chennai between January and December 2021. Sixty participants were allocated to the experimental group and sixty to the control group. The experimental group received a structured stretching exercise program for four weeks in addition to routine antenatal care, whereas the control group received routine antenatal care alone. Leg cramp severity was assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Statistical analyses included paired t-test, independent t-test, chi-square test, and Pearson correlation. Results: Following four weeks of intervention, the experimental group demonstrated a significant reduction in mean leg cramp severity score (7.18 ± 1.24 to 2.84 ± 1.12; p<0.001) compared with the control group (7.05 ± 1.30 to 6.48 ± 1.28; p=0.084). Sleep quality significantly improved in the experimental group with PSQI scores decreasing from 12.64 ± 2.51 to 6.12 ± 1.98 (p<0.001). A significant positive correlation was observed between leg cramp severity and poor sleep quality (r=0.62, p<0.001). Conclusion: Stretching exercises are a safe, inexpensive, and effective intervention for reducing leg cramps and improving sleep quality among pregnant women. Incorporation of structured stretching programs into routine antenatal care is recommended.

The prime objective of this study is to evaluate CT perfusion parameters of various renal neoplasm in a study group of 40 patients, using a 16-slice CT. The principle of CT perfusion depends upon the attenuation changes in the tissue over time, after the administration of intravenous iodinated contrast media. The concentration of iodine in the tissues determines the degree of enhancement. It is measured by CT as attenuation, which indirectly reflects the tissue vascularity. In our study, using perfusion parameters, 4,6,30 cases were diagnosed to be Angiomyolipoma, Oncocytoma and RCC, respectively. Conclusion – CT perfusion study can be added as a routine CT protocol during the evaluation of renal lesions along with the conventional CT which helps in differentiation between benign and malignant lesions, thus aiding in prompt diagnosis and treatment.

Background: The postnatal period is characterized by substantial physiological, psychological, and social adjustments. First-time mothers frequently experience elevated levels of stress and anxiety resulting from physical recovery, hormonal fluctuations, breastfeeding challenges, sleep deprivation, and adaptation to maternal responsibilities. Persistent psychological distress may adversely affect maternal well-being, mother-infant bonding, and infant care practices. Non-pharmacological interventions such as Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) and Benson Relaxation Technique (BRT) have demonstrated beneficial effects in reducing stress and promoting psychological health. However, comparative evidence among primi-postnatal mothers remains limited. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of Emotional Freedom Technique and Benson Relaxation Technique on bio-psychological parameters among primi-postnatal mothers. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-test post-test two-group study was conducted among 60 primi-postnatal mothers admitted to the postnatal wards of a tertiary care hospital. Participants were allocated into EFT (n=30) and BRT (n=30) groups. Interventions were administered for 20 minutes daily over seven consecutive days. Physiological parameters including heart rate and blood pressure, and psychological parameters including stress and anxiety were assessed using standardized instruments. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, paired t-test, independent t-test, and chi-square test. Results: Both interventions significantly improved physiological and psychological outcomes. The EFT group demonstrated a greater reduction in perceived stress score (12.4±3.2) compared with the BRT group (10.1±2.9) (p=0.04). Anxiety scores decreased significantly in both groups, with superior improvement observed in the EFT group (p<0.05). Heart rate and blood pressure showed statistically significant reductions following intervention. Between-group analysis revealed significantly better outcomes among mothers receiving EFT. Conclusion: Both EFT and BRT effectively reduced stress, anxiety, heart rate, and blood pressure among primi-postnatal mothers. EFT demonstrated marginally greater effectiveness and may be considered an adjunctive intervention in routine postnatal care.

Background: The vermiform appendix is a narrow blind-ended diverticulum arising from the posteromedial wall of the cecum. Considerable anatomical variations exist in its position, length, mesoappendix, and relationship to adjacent structures. Knowledge of these variations is essential for anatomists, surgeons, and radiologists in diagnosing and managing appendicular pathology. Aim: To study the morphological variations of the vermiform appendix in adult human cadavers and determine the frequency of different anatomical positions and morphometric characteristics. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional cadaveric study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Annapoorana Medical College & Hospitals (AMCH), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India, from December 2020 to October 2021. Eighty embalmed adult cadavers were examined during routine undergraduate dissection. The position, length, external diameter, mesoappendix extent, and cecal morphology were recorded using standard anatomical methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: Among 80 cadavers, the retrocecal position was the most common (45%), followed by pelvic (28.75%), subcecal (10%), postileal (8.75%), preileal (5%), and paracecal positions (2.5%). The mean appendix length was 8.34 ± 2.21 cm. Complete mesoappendix extending up to the appendicular tip was observed in 71.25% specimens. Morphological variations of the cecum were identified in 11.25% specimens. Conclusion: Retrocecal position was the predominant anatomical location of the vermiform appendix. Significant variations were observed in length, position, and mesoappendix attachment. Awareness of these variations is important for accurate clinical diagnosis and surgical intervention in appendicular diseases.

Background: Severe hypertension during pregnancy is associated with significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Rapid blood pressure control is essential to prevent complications such as eclampsia, placental abruption, and fetal compromise. Intravenous labetalol and oral nifedipine are commonly used antihypertensive agents for acute management; however, evidence comparing their efficacy and safety remains limited. Methods: This randomized comparative trial was conducted among 133 pregnant women with severe hypertension admitted to a tertiary care hospital. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either intravenous labetalol (n=66) or oral nifedipine (n=67). Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, time to achieve target blood pressure, number of doses required, maternal outcomes, adverse drug effects, and fetal/neonatal outcomes were assessed and compared between the groups. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate tests, and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Baseline demographic and obstetric characteristics were comparable between the groups. Oral nifedipine achieved target blood pressure significantly faster than intravenous labetalol (31.8 ± 14.7 vs 42.6 ± 16.4 minutes; p<0.001) and required fewer doses (1.9 ± 0.9 vs 2.4 ± 1.1; p=0.006). Successful blood pressure control within 60 minutes was observed in 94.0% of women receiving nifedipine and 89.4% receiving labetalol. Maternal outcomes including mode of delivery, progression to eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, postpartum hemorrhage, ICU admission, and hospital stay were comparable. Bradycardia was significantly higher with labetalol, whereas tachycardia, headache, flushing, dizziness, and palpitations were more common with nifedipine. Fetal and neonatal outcomes including birth weight, preterm delivery, Apgar scores, NICU admission, and perinatal mortality did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusion: Both intravenous labetalol and oral nifedipine were effective and safe for management of severe hypertension during pregnancy. Oral nifedipine provided more rapid blood pressure control with fewer doses, while intravenous labetalol demonstrated a comparatively favorable adverse effect profile.