Background: It is known that Pseudoexfoliation causes corneal endothelial cell loss, increased anterior chamber inflammation and glaucoma. The associated features of Pseudoexfoliation includes iris transillumination defects in the pupillary margins, poor pupillary dilatation, heterochromia iris. Purpose: The purpose of present study is performing SICS in psedoexfoliation patients and its complications. Methods: We have conducted cross sectional study in all the patients with visual disturbances attending ophthalmology outpatient department GGH, Ananthapur. Study duration five months, sample size 50 patients.
All patients were subjected to detailed slit lamp examination and following were looked for:- (1) Conjunctiva‐ congestio. (2) Cornea‐ edema, pigmentation, exfoliation material, pigment disper. (4) Iris‐ pattern, transillumination defect. (5) Pupil‐ size, reaction to light, exfoliation material, dilatation with mydriasi. (6) Lens‐ exfoliation material, cataract type, phacodonesis, subluxation or dislocation of lens.
Fundus was examined with direct ophthalmoscope and slit lamp biomicroscopy to look for glaucomatous change in the disc and gonioscopy and IOP were measured. If patient undergoes cataract surgery A scan, keratometry, IOL calculation with SRK 2 formula. Results: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is a significant risk factor for development of glaucoma. Conclusion: Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome is a significant risk factor for development of glaucoma, with good visual outcome.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Fingerprints and dermal ridge pattern are unique with each individual. Even fingerprints are different between similar twins also. The fingerprints of both hands are not the same. Fingerprints do not change size or shape throughout a person’s life, except in cases of serious injuries that scar the dermis. Therefore our objective to study the patterns of finger print among the students of FAAMC, Barpeta in relation to blood groups by using 10 finger attributes. After analysis the present study reveals that there is significant association between different fingerprint patterns in  ABO blood group. In our study the commonest fingerprint pattern observed was whorls followed by loops and then arches. Whereas in Rh +ve blood group same findings were observed but in Rh –ve blood group only loops were recorded. This study is an attempt to associate fingerprints with different blood groups and Rh blood types which will enhance the authenticity of fingerprints in identification in forensic medicine. Hence we can strive to use the study to link fingerprints with blood types which can augment the accuracy of fingerprints in recognition and revelation of culprit and help in forensic medicine to identify the victim.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Introduction: The epidemic of tobacco use is one of the paramount threats to global health today. Tobacco is chewed, smoked, sucked, and sniffed and is the one product which is deleterious to the populaces, when it is used entirely as intended. Aims: Evaluation of Tobacco Use in oral cavity and periodontal health in patients visiting Tobacco Control Unit. Materials and Methods: The present study was an Observational Descriptive Study. This Study was conducted from January 2020‐December 2023. Total 1036 patients were included in this study. Result: Our study showed that, most of patients had habit Type Bidi with Provisional Diagnosis (Pd) Periodontitis Group [581 (69.3%)] compared to without Pd Periodontitis [113 (57.1%)] but this was statistically significant (p=0.0009). Conclusion: We concluded that the substantial negative consequences of tobacco usage on patients’ oral and periodontal health in Burdwan are highlighted by this observational study. Deeper periodontal pockets, more clinical attachment loss, and poor oral hygiene were all substantially correlated with tobacco use and the severity of periodontal disease. Furthermore, tobacco users had a significantly greater prevalence of tobacco-related oral diseases such leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: Bladder cancer is one of the common neoplasms of lower urinary tract with significant morbidity and mortality rates. Parameters like tumour grading, size, staging alone have minimal role to specify progression, disease recurrence and treatment response. Ki67 immunoexpression represents proliferative subsets of tumour cells indirectly denoting aggressiveness of the tumour. As molecular alteration precedes phenotypic change, immunohistochemical study may be a valuable tool for screening patients and early identification of aggressive cancers. This study aims to compare Ki67 immunoexpression and histopathological grading in urothelial neoplasms of bladder. Aim: The primary objective is to correlate the grading of tumor with Ki 67 immunoexpression in various urothelial neoplasms of bladder. Study Design: This is an Observational study which was done at department of Pathology, Dr. S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur, and Rajasthan, India. Total 40 paraffin embedded tissues of urothelial carcinoma cases were taken for the study. The intensity of Ki 67 nuclear staining was graded and compared with histopathological grading. Results: In present study high grade carcinomas have high ki67 expression and graded as 3+ and 4+, whereas low grade carcinomas have low Ki67 expression and graded as 1+ and 2+. Out of 40 cases pTa, cases had 2+ Ki-67 positivity, with none showing higher positivity. In contrast, pT1 cases showed 4+ ki67 positivity. pT2a, and pT4a stages exclusively exhibited 4+ positivity, while pT2b had mix of 3+ and 4+ positivity. This indicated that higher stages generally correlate with increased Ki-67 positivity. Conclusion: The observations of the study emphasize the use of Ki 67, in addition to tumour grade and stage to predict the clinical outcome of patients and thereby helps in identifying high risk patients. These patients are frequently followed up and may benefit by additional adjuvant therapies.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: Lung cancer continues to be the cause of most deaths due to cancer worldwide. Of all lung cancers, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for the largest proportion. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of immunohistochemistry in the subtyping of lung carcinoma and the prevalence of EGFR mutations in different histological types. Methods: The samples included 60 lung cancer patients who were screened from the Department of Pathology, Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur, within the period between March 2023 and March 2024. Each subgroup included 20 patients of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma, respectively. For subtyping, IHC markers were applied-TTF-1, Napsin-A, p63, synaptophysin, and chromogranin-and EGFR mutation status through IHC analysis. Results: The mean age of patients was 63.05 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 3.6:1. Most were right medial and left upper lobes carcinomas (21.67%). Of the IHC-proven adenocarcinomas, 100% showed EGFR positivity, whereas 80% of squamous cell carcinomas exhibited EGFR positivity. No small cell carcinoma cases demonstrated the presence of EGFR mutations. A majority (69%) of EGFR-positive cases were scored as 3+. Conclusion: EGFR mutation status is the most significant marker for targeted therapy in selected patients. This study highlights the value of using IHC panels to accurately sub-type lung carcinomas, especially when small biopsy specimens are taken into consideration and can also serve as a gateway to EGFR-targeted therapy for advanced cases of lung cancer.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: Gliomas are the most common and aggressive brain tumors; they have a diverse histopathological subtype with variable clinical behavior. This study aimed at evaluating the epidemiological, histopathological, and molecular characteristics of gliomas with particular respect to expression IDH-1 mutation. Methods: The study was carried out from March 2023 to March 2024 at the Department of Pathology, Dr. S.N. Medical College, and Jodhpur. A total of 60 different cases with glioma were taken, and the study recorded their respective histopathological diagnoses. Their IDH-1 mutation status was assessed using immunohistochemistry, and the distribution of gliomas was analyzed according to age, gender, WHO grade, and tumor site. Result: The maximum number of gliomas were detected in the 41-50 years age group, and male-to-female ratio was found to be 2.52:1. The most common histopathological type was glioblastoma. IDH-1 positivity was more prevalent in low-grade gliomas as compared to high-grade gliomas. The most common site for gliomas was found to be the frontal lobe, and out of these, 83.33% of cases showed positivity for IDH-1. There was a statistically significant association between the presence of IDH-1 positivity and the lower WHO grades. Conclusion: In this study, IDH-1 mutations play a significant role in glioma pathogenesis, especially in glioblastoma. The marker is valuable for prognosis and prediction and thus constitutes a putative therapeutic target, especially in high-grade gliomas.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: Distal femur fractures are complex injuries requiring stable fixation to restore function and mobility. Locking compression plates (LCP) have emerged as an effective surgical solution, offering rigid fixation and enabling early mobilization. Evaluating the functional outcomes after LCP fixation is crucial to guide clinical practice and optimize patient care. Aim: To assess the functional outcomes of patients undergoing open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of distal femur fractures using locking compression plates. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 100 patients with distal femur fractures treated with LCP fixation. Clinical, radiological, and functional outcomes were evaluated using the Knee Society Score (KSS) and range of motion (ROM) measurements at regular intervals over a 12-month follow-up period. Results: The majority of patients (75%) achieved good to excellent functional outcomes based on the KSS. The mean knee flexion achieved was 120° ± 10°. Complications included infection in 5% of cases and implant failure in 2%. Factors influencing outcomes included fracture type, patient comorbidities, and adherence to postoperative rehabilitation. Conclusion: LCP fixation for distal femur fractures provides reliable functional outcomes, with most patients regaining significant mobility. Early mobilization and adherence to rehabilitation protocols are essential for optimizing recovery.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Introduction: Spinal anesthesia is a widely used technique for lower abdominal surgeries due to its effectiveness and safety. Adjuvants such as nalbuphine hydrochloride and fentanyl enhance the efficacy of local anesthetics like bupivacaine. This study compares the efficacy and safety of nalbuphine hydrochloride and fentanyl as adjuvants to bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia for lower abdominal surgeries. Aims:  Evaluate the effectiveness of nalbuphine hydrochloride and fentanyl as adjuvants to bupivacaine in achieving optimal intraoperative surgical anesthesia during lower abdominal surgeries. Materials and Methods: It was a comparative study this study was conducted from One Year at Department of Anaesthesiology at Radha Devi Jageshwari Memorial Medical College and Hospital, Dr. Kalam Nagar, Manariya Chhajan, Turki, Muzaffarpur, Bihar -844127.100 Patients were included in this study. Results: Onset, duration of sensory and motor block, and duration of effective analgesia were comparable between both groups. Postoperative visual analog scale score was 4.8 ± 1.12 in Group BN, and in Group BF, it was 3.86 ± 1.04 which was statistically highly significant (P = 0.0007). The number of patients demanding rescue analgesia in early postoperative period was 18 (60.0%) in Group BN and 7 (23.33%) in Group BF which was statistically significant (P = 0.004). Conclusion: Fentanyl was more efficient than nalbuphine in providing early postoperative analgesia when used as an adjuvant to hyperbaric bupivacaine.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Introduction: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are defined as any nausea, retching, or vomiting occurring during the first 24-48 hrs after surgery in in patients. Causes that may contribute to post operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are Anesthesia related causes like the use of opioid drugs, nitrous oxide. Aims: The aim to test the efficacy between Dexamethasone and Amisulpride on reducing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting incidence in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery under general anaesthesia. Materials and Method: The present study was a Prospective, randomized, double-blind study. This Study was conducted from 6 months at JNM Hospital. Total 74 patients were included in this study. Result: In Group A, the mean Age (mean± s.d.) of patients was 20 ± 10, the mean Gestational age (weeks) (mean± s.d.) of patients was 38 ± 2.5, the mean Duration of surgery (min) (mean± s.d.) of patients was 58 ± 11.  In Group B, the mean Age (mean± s.d.) of patients was 15 ± 4, the mean Gestational age (weeks) (mean± s.d.) of patients was 37± 2, the mean Duration of surgery (min) (mean± s.d.) of patients was 60 ± 12 which was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In conclusion, both dexamethasone and amisulpride have been found to be effective in reducing the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients undergoing general anesthesia. Dexamethasone, a corticosteroid, has demonstrated strong antiemetic properties, likely due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-chemotactic effects. Amisulpride, an atypical antipsychotic with dopamine antagonistic properties, also effectively reduces PONV by blocking dopamine receptors involved in the vomiting reflex.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: The choice of surgical approach for primary indirect inguinal hernia repair remains a critical consideration in achieving optimal outcomes. Two commonly utilized techniques are the open one-inch incision mesh plug repair and the laparoscopic trans-abdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) repair. Each method offers distinct advantages in terms of invasiveness, recovery time, and complication rates. Aim: To compare the clinical outcomes, complications, and recovery profiles of one-inch incision mesh plug repair and laparoscopic TAPP repair in patients with primary indirect inguinal hernias. Methods: This prospective study included 100 patients diagnosed with primary indirect inguinal hernia at Department of General Surgery, Jagannath Gupta Institute of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Budge Budge, Kolkata, West Bengal, India for one year . Participants were divided into two groups: one-inch incision mesh plug repair (n=50) and laparoscopic TAPP repair (n=50). Key outcomes, including operative time, postoperative pain, return to normal activities, complications, and recurrence rates, were analyzed. Results: The mean operative time was significantly shorter in the mesh plug group (45 ± 10 minutes) compared to the TAPP group (70 ± 15 minutes, p<0.05). Postoperative pain scores were higher in the mesh plug group on Day 1 but comparable by Day 7. The TAPP group demonstrated a faster return to normal activities (7 ± 2 days vs. 10 ± 3 days, p<0.05). Complication rates were similar between the two groups (10% vs. 8%), with no significant difference in recurrence rates at 12-month follow-up. Conclusion: Both one-inch incision mesh plug repair and laparoscopic TAPP repair are effective techniques for primary indirect inguinal hernia repair. While the mesh plug approach offers shorter operative times, the TAPP technique provides faster recovery and comparable long-term outcomes. Surgical choice should be tailored to patient preferences and clinical scenarios.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: An increasing number of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases are now being diagnosed with acute kidney injury (AKI). Recent years have highlighted that even slight increases in serum creatinine across various clinical settings are linked to poorer outcomes. In this study, we aimed to examine the clinical profile of patients with AKI following AGE at our tertiary hospital. Methods: Patients above 18 years diagnosed with AKI. After the selection of the patient, a detailed history of the case was recorded and the patient was subjected to a thorough clinical examination. Records included information on gastroenteritis duration, onset of renal failure, hydration status at admission, and daily blood tests for urea, serum creatinine, sodium, and potassium levels. Additional tests included CBC, ESR, urine, stool (including hanging drop), HIV, blood glucose, total and differential leukocyte counts, and liver function tests (serum bilirubin, total serum protein, albumin, SGOT, SGPT, ALP). Results: Most cases (56.7%) were classified as stage 1 AKI, characterized by mild elevations in serum creatinine or reduced urine output. Stage 2 AKI was observed in 30% of patients, indicated by a more pronounced rise in serum creatinine and persistent oliguria. Only 16.7% of cases progressed to stage 3 AKI, requiring renal replacement therapy or meeting other criteria for severe kidney injury. Conclusion: Early identification and intervention can often prevent progression from stage 1 AKI. The KDIGO classification provides a framework to stratify patients by risk of adverse outcomes, guiding tailored management strategies. Close monitoring of stage 2 and 3 AKI patients is essential to detect worsening renal function early and implement timely interventions, such as dialysis.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that can manifest with acne due to hyperandrogenism. Acne in PCOS patients is primarily caused by elevated androgen levels, which influence sebaceous gland activity. This study investigates the clinical profile of patients with acne and PCOS, focusing on acne severity and hormonal imbalances. Objective: To evaluate the clinical features and hormonal profiles of patients presenting with acne and diagnosed with PCOS. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 100 female patients diagnosed with PCOS, as confirmed by clinical, biochemical, and ultrasound criteria. Hormonal profiles (serum testosterone, LH/FSH ratio) and acne severity (Global Acne Grading System) were assessed. Results: The study found that 70% of patients had moderate to severe acne, with elevated serum testosterone levels in 65% of the cases. Acne severity was strongly correlated with elevated androgen levels. Conclusion: Acne in PCOS is associated with hormonal disturbances, particularly elevated androgens. Early detection and treatment are crucial for better management of acne in PCOS patients.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: Oral lesions are common manifestations of various systemic and dermatological conditions, often indicative of underlying systemic disorders. The prevalence of oral lesions in patients visiting the dermatology department remains underexplored in many healthcare settings, despite their potential impact on the quality of life. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of oral lesions in dermatology patients and explore the association between these lesions and dermatological conditions. Objective: The primary objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of oral lesions in patients attending the dermatology department. Secondary objectives include identifying the most common types of oral lesions and determining their association with dermatological disorders. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among patients attending the dermatology department at Tertiary care hospital. A total of 200 patients were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Oral examinations were conducted by trained professionals, and oral lesions were classified into various categories. Data on dermatological diagnoses, demographic characteristics, and oral findings were collected and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Of the 200 patients, 48 (24%) exhibited oral lesions. The most common oral lesions included aphthous stomatitis (35%), candidiasis (20%), and lichen planus (18%). Oral lesions were most commonly observed in patients with systemic dermatological conditions such as lichen planus, psoriasis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. A significant association was found between oral lesions and certain dermatological conditions (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of oral lesions in patients attending the dermatology department is relatively high. Regular oral examinations in dermatological practice are recommended to identify and manage these lesions, particularly in patients with systemic dermatological conditions.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.