Background: Gallbladder dimensions play a role for determining the structural integrity of the organ, and ultrasonography is a non-invasive method that offers accurate measures of these dimensions. The purpose of the study was to use ultrasonography to estimate the epidemiology by measuring the gallbladder (GB) wall thickness in patients with cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in Department of Surgery, GMCH, Bettiah, West Champaran, and Bihar from February 2025 to July 2025. The study comprised patients of either sex aged 15–70 years with cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. In the fasting condition, the thickness of the GB wall was measured. The study comprised 50 samples in total, 36 of which were cases (having a diseased bladder) and 14 of which were controls (having a normal bladder). Results: More than one-third of cases (38.9%) were between 30 and 40 years. The mean age of cases and controls was 42.22±12.81 and 35.43±11.85 years, respectively. More than one-third of both cases (36.1%) and controls (35.7%) were males. The GB wall thickness was significantly (P = 0.005) higher among the cases (4.06 ± 2.28 mm) than that of controls (2.22 ± 0.67 mm). Full distention of the GB was in more than half of both cases (69.4%)and controls (57.1%). Partial distended was in 11.1% of cases and in 21.4% of controls. Contracted (8.3%) and over distended (2.8%) were only seen among cases. The GB wall thickness of ≥3 mm was among 66.7% of patients and in 14.3% of controls. The GB wall thickness of <3 mm was 92% lower in cases compared to controls (odds ratio = 0.08, 95% confidence interval = 0.01–0.43, P = 0.001). Conclusion: During ultrasonography, a higher degree of the GB wall thickness was found in patients with cholecystitis and cholelithiasisas compared to the control group.

Background: Intra-uterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) are extremely effective, useful, coitus independent and well tolerated method of contraception. Increased hospital deliveries provide women easy access to postpartum intrauterine contraceptive devices (PPIUCD) services. CuT 380A and Cu 375 both are available free of cost in government hospitals. Aim of this study to effectiveness, safety, efficacy, side effects and complications of CuT 380A IUCD and Cu 375 IUCD in post placental insertion. Methods: A prospective and comparative study between two copper bearing Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices: Copper T 380A and Multiload 375 was conducted Sadar Hospital, Motihari, Bihar. A total of 200 pregnant women undergoing normal vaginal delivery were enrolled. The subjects were divided in two groups, each comprising of 100 subjects. In Group A, CuT 380A and in Group B, ML 375 was inserted. Follow-up was done after six weeks, three months and six months. Results: The results showed maximum usage in age group of 19 to 24 years in both the groups. At the end of six months the continuation rate was 76.59% in Group A and 80.64% in Group B. There was no case of perforation or failure in both the groups. Rate of expulsion was 8.51% in Group A and 9.68% in Group B. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between CuT 380A and ML 375 with regards to the effectiveness, safety, efficacy, side effects and complications in post placental insertion.

Background: Even with normal treatment in intensive care units, acute febrile illness associated with Multi Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) carries a high morbidity and fatality rate. The most frequent cause of MODS is infection, which is followed by polytrauma. The current study examined the aetiology and outcome of patients with acute febrile illness who developed MODS in medical intensive care units of a tertiary hospital. Aims of this study to the etiology of acute febrile illness in patients developing MODS and the final outcome among these patients. Methods: This prospective study was carried out in Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital in Laheriasarai, Bihar, from July 2024 to June of 2025. Patients with AFI and MODS (≥2 organ dysfunctions) were evaluated for demographic, clinical, laboratory, and microbiological parameters. Disease severity was assessed using SOFA score. Results: Dengue, malaria, leptospirosis, rickettsial infections, and bacterial sepsis were common causes. Mortality correlated with elevated creatinine, bilirubin, CNS involvement, low MAP, and thrombocytopenia. Mixed infections increased mortality risk. Conclusion: MODS due to AFI poses a critical care challenge. Early identification of high-risk patients using simple markers can guide timely management and improve outcomes, particularly in resource-limited settings.

Background: A Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the most common cause of chronic gastritis (CG), with approximately 50% of the world’s population infected. Long-term infection increases the risk of progression to gastric cancer. This study evaluated the histopathological changes in CG using the Updated Sydney System (USS) to estimate the prevalence and correlation of H. pylori gastritis with other histological variables. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Pathology of JLNMCH, Bhagalpur, Bihar from March 2025 to August 2025. 62 gastric endoscopic mucosal biopsies taken from patients presenting with dyspepsia were included in this study. Slides were stained with routine H and E and Giemsa for H. pylori detection in chronic gastritis cases. Grading of the variables were done with reference to Sydney system of classification. Results: Out of 62 gastric biopsy specimens, 55 cases (88.7%) were histopathological diagnosed as chronic gastritis. Among chronic gastritis, 21 (38%) cases showed H. pylori and majority of these being moderately (2+) positive. 27 (49%) cases showed neutrophilic activity with most of them showed mild (1+) activity. Chronic inflammation was seen 52 (94.5%) with majority of these graded as moderate (2+). Intestinal metaplasia was seen in 8 (14.5%) of cases with majority being mild (1+). Atrophy was seen only in 3 (5.4%) of cases with majority being mild (1+). Significant statistical association was found between H. pylori and neutrophilic activity (p<0.001). Conclusion: Histological evaluation of chronic gastritis using updated Sydney system of classification helps in detection of H. pylori infection and prevents further progression of the disease.

Background: Cervical lymphadenopathy is one of the commonest presentations in inflammatory and neoplastic disorders. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is simple, quick, inexpensive and minimally invasive OPD technique used for establishing the etiology of cervical lymphadenopathy. In this study we describe cytomorphological patterns of FNAC of cervical lymph nodes and it’s utility in establishing diagnosis. The aim of the study is to establish the role of FNAC in the Diagnosis of Cervical Lymph Nodes in PMCH, Patna, and Bihar. Methods: The present study was a prospective and cross-sectional study. This Study was carried out over a period of 6 months from March 2025 to August 2025 at department of Pathology, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar. A total of 100 patients with cervical lymph nodes were subjected to FNAC using 22 gauge needle and a 10 ml syringe. The slides were dry fixed and studied using May-Grunwald Giemsa stain. Results: Out of 100 cervical lymph node FNAC cases, reactive non-specific was the most common finding (52%) followed by tubercular (28%). Conclusion: This study highlights the usefulness of FNAC as a reliable diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy.

Background: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the thyroid gland has proven to be an important and widely accepted, cost-effective, simple, safe, and accurate method for triaging patients with thyroid nodules. Fine needle aspirations provide information that guides the management of patients with thyroid nodules by identifying patients who require surgical resection and patients who require no further interventions. The aim of this study was to analyze the thyroid cytology smears by Bethesda system and to assess the frequency of various categories. Methods: A total of 85 thyroid FNAC samples were examined from March 2025 to August 2025 in the Department of Pathology, Patna Medical College, and Patna Bihar. Results: A total of 85 cases were reported according to Bethesda system of reporting. Categories were as follows: category I – 5(5.88%), category II – 66(77.65%), category III – 1(1.17%), category IV – 4(4.70%), category V -3(3.52%), category VI – 6(7.05%). Conclusion: FNAC for thyroid nodules is a safe, quick, and cost-effective outpatient procedure when executed by experts. The Bethesda system provides a unified and comprehensive approach to interpreting results, preventing unnecessary surgeries and promoting more judicious patient care.

Background: Cerebellopontine angle (CPA) masses are the most common neoplasm in the posterior fossa, accounting for 5%-10% of intracranial tumors. MRI is considered the gold-standard method for the diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle lesions and describing the imaging feature of CPA masses. Aim and Objectives: To evaluate the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aided with contrast-enhanced MRI in the evaluation of cerebellopontine angle mass lesions. Materials and Methods: A prospective, single-center observational study was conducted over period of 18 months (JAN 2024–JUNE 2025) at a tertiary care hospital. The study included total of 30 patients with lesions of cerebellopontine angle were referred to radiology departments for MRI. All patients included were subjected to a detailed physical examination followed by MRI scan using a siemens MRI scanner with a standardized protocol. Contrast study was used to characterize the mass lesions. MRI findings were analyzed with respect to lesion morphology, signal characteristics, and diffusion restriction. Data on patient demographics, clinical symptoms, and detailed MRI findings were systematically collected and analyzed. Results: Most common tumors of CPA are vestibular schwannomas; second most frequent CPA tumors are meningiomas. Epidermoid cyst and arachnoid cysts are less common CPA tumors. In our study, there were 11 cases of vestibular schwannomas, 9 cases of meningiomas, 6 cases of epidermoid cysts, 3 cases of arachnoid cysts and 1 case of lipoma. The highest number of cerebellopontine angle masses was found in the age group between 31 and 40 years with slight male predominance. The most common presenting symptom was headache, followed by vertigo and hearing loss. Conclusion: The most common CPA mass was vestibular schwannoma followed by meningioma and epidermoid cyst. Magnetic resonance imaging is more sensitive and more specific in diagnosing cerebellopontine angle mass.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common head and neck malignancy with a high prevalence in South and Southeast Asia, particularly India, where late-stage presentation and mandibular involvement are frequent. Mandibulectomy remains a cornerstone in management not only to achieve complete tumor clearance but also to provide vital insights through margin status and detailed histopathological evaluation of prognostic features, which are critical for guiding therapy and predicting patient outcomes. Aim: To evaluate the demographic profile, TNM staging, and histopathological prognostic features of oral squamous cell carcinoma in mandibulectomy specimens at a tertiary care center. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 50 mandibulectomy specimens of OSCC received over two years at a tertiary care center in Raipur, India. Demographic and clinical data were retrieved from medical records. The histopathological parameters assessed included tumor differentiation, bone invasion, margin status, perineural invasion (PNI), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and TNM staging. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The study population comprised of 31 males (62%) and 19 females (38%), with a mean age of 46.9 years. The gingivobuccal sulcus and buccal mucosa were the most commonly involved sites of the disease. Histologically, 50% of the tumors were moderately differentiated, 46% were well-differentiated, and 4% were poorly differentiated. Adverse features included PNI in 36%, LVI in 28%, and cortical bone invasion in 30% of the cases. Advanced T-stage (T3-T4) was observed in 84% of patients and advanced nodal disease (N2–N3) in 34%. The surgical margins were clear in 64% of the cases and positive in 36% of the cases. Prognostic stage distribution revealed Stage IVA in 66% of cases. Conclusion: Mandibular OSCC predominantly affects males and most commonly involves the alveolus and gingivobuccal sulcus. Most cases present at advanced stages with adverse histopathological features, such as bone invasion, PNI, and margin involvement, which are key prognostic indicators. Routine clinicopathological correlation, achieving tumor-free margins, and early detection are essential for optimal treatment. Further studies incorporating molecular and imaging biomarkers may enhance prognostication and guide individualized therapies.

Introduction: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies worldwide. Laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) has become the preferred approach due to advantages such as reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay, and quicker recovery. Aims:  This study evaluates the efficacy and complications associated with LA in patients with acute appendicitis. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery at Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata and Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, over a period of 18 months (July2023 to December 2024). A total of 100 patients of all ages and both genders diagnosed with acute appendicitis and fit for surgery were included. Results: In this study of 112 pediatric patients, 57 underwent laparoscopic appendectomy and 55 underwent open appendectomy. Baseline characteristics, including gender, age, time to treatment, appendicitis subtype, and neutrophil percentage, were comparable between groups. Laparoscopic appendectomy was associated with shorter operation time (57.12 vs. 65.33 min, p = 0.022), less intraoperative bleeding (32.15 vs. 45.35 ml, p = 0.042), and shorter hospital stay (5.12 vs. 9.85 days, p = 0.0246). Postoperative recovery was faster with laparoscopy, including earlier exhaust (15.21 vs. 40.33 h, p = 0.0103) and feeding (1.65 vs. 3.24 days, p = 0.0327), along with lower body temperature (37.15 vs. 38.15°C, p = 0.0346) and neutrophil percentage (0.65 vs. 0.79%, p = 0.0457). Complication rates were lower in the laparoscopic group (3.51% vs. 12.73%, p = 0.049). Overall, laparoscopic appendectomy demonstrated faster recovery, reduced inflammation, and fewer complications compared to open appendectomy. Conclusion: Laparoscopic appendectomy is an effective and safe surgical procedure for acute appendicitis, associated with low complication rates, shorter hospital stay, and rapid postoperative recovery. Awareness and prompt management of potential complications can further improve patient outcomes.

Aim: To compare short-term outcomes of laparoscopic versus open repair of peptic ulcer perforation (PPU) in a rural tertiary hospital. Method: This prospective study was conducted at Bankura Sammilani Medical College, West Bengal, from March 2021 to August 2022. Total Fifty-two patients underwent simple closure with omental patch, where 26 underwent laparoscopic repair and 26 underwent open surgical repair. Operative time, analgesic requirement, naso-gastric tube duration, resumption of oral feeds, hospital stay, antibiotic requirement, postoperative complications, and return to work were compared and anlysed. Result: The mean operative time was shorter in the laparoscopic group (64.6 ± 5.0 min) as compared to open repair (85.6 ± 5.2 min, p < 0.001). Analgesic requirement, nasogastric tube duration, and hospital stay were also reduced with laparoscopic repair. 15.4% Wound gap occurred only in the open surgical repair group. Conclusion: Laparoscopic repair of PPU is safe, feasible, and associated with faster recovery and fewer wound complications compared to open repair, even in rural tertiary care settings.