Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) are an advanced drug delivery system designed to disintegrate or dissolve rapidly in the mouth without the need for water. This innovative dosage form enhances patient compliance, especially for those who have difficulty swallowing conventional tablets. FDTs offer numerous advantages, including rapid onset of action, convenience, and improved bioavailability for certain drugs. This research provides evaluation of fast dissolving tablet of Zidovudine, various types of preformulation parameters like melting point, solubility study, compatibility study, DSC investigation and FTIR investigation of the drug as well as precompression evaluations for the powder blend such as angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index along with hausner’s ratio. Post compression parameters has been also evaluated like hardness, thickness, diameter, drug content, weight variation, friability, wetting time, disintegration, dissolution of fast dissolving tablets.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies worldwide, often necessitating an appendicectomy, which can be performed via an open or laparoscopic approach. The laparoscopic appendicectomy has gained popularity due to its minimally invasive nature, offering benefits such as reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker return to normal activities. In cases of non-perforated appendicitis, where the appendix has not ruptured, the risk of postoperative complications like surgical site infections (SSIs) is generally lower compared to perforated cases. Approximately 30% of appendectomies are for complicated acute appendicitis (CAA). With laparoscopy, the main post-operative complication is deep abscesses (12% of cases of CAA, versus 4% for open surgery. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine whether the routine administration of postoperative antibiotics is necessary in preventing postoperative complications in patients with non-perforated appendicitis who undergo laparoscopic appendicectomy. Material and Method: A total of 120 patients with non-perforated appendicitis undergoing laparoscopic appendicectomy divided into two groups. Group B (n=60) patients received single dose of preoperative antibiotic and group A (n=60) patients received preoperative dose, as well as three postoperative doses of antibiotics. Patient demographics, comorbidities, preoperative antibiotic use, and operative details. Incidence of SSIs, other complications, hospital stay, readmission, and antibiotic-related adverse effects. Following laparoscopic appendicectomy, surgical wound was inspected after 48 h, 72 h, and on day 7 to look for any signs of postoperative SSI. Group B patients received a single dose of preoperative antibiotics and group A patients received the same regimen, in addition, antibiotics were administered 24 hours postoperatively. Patients of both groups were followed-up for 30 days to assess the postoperative infectious complications. Results: The mean age in group A was 22.24±6.29 years compared to 25.32±6.55years in group B. No significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding mean age, gender distribution, pain, fever, nausea/vomiting, Mc Burney’s tenderness, bowel sounds, total leukocyte count, ultra-sonography, diagnosis, and histopathology report.  The difference between both the groups for incidence of SSIs was statistically insignificant. Both groups comprised 120 patients, as well both groups were compared in baseline characteristics. Statistically, there was no significant difference in rates of SSIs between both groups. Conclusion: Single dose of preoperative antibiotics was sufficient in reducing SSIs after appendectomy for NPA. Depending on the results, the study could either support the continued use of postoperative antibiotics or suggest that they may be unnecessary in non-perforated appendicitis cases, potentially leading to changes in clinical practice guidelines. This study would provide valuable evidence to guide the management of postoperative care in laparoscopic appendicectomy for non-perforated appendicitis.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: Preeclampsia is a major global cause of morbidity and mortality among mothers and perinatals, especially in areas with limited resources. It has been suggested that low-dose aspirin can prevent preeclampsia, particularly in high-risk individuals. The purpose of this research is to determine whether low-dose aspirin can prevent preeclampsia in pregnant patients who are admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata. Aims: To determine the effectiveness of low dose aspirin in the prevention of preeclampsia in pregnant women with risk factors at Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata Methods: Our study was carried out at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of C.N.M.C&H, Kolkata after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee. All patients who met the above mentioned criteria were included in the study. The study included 200 post-natal mothers with risk factors of preeclampsia were selected from the high risk ward of our hospital. They were divided into cases and controls each containing 100 subjects with the same risk factors. Results: In Cases, 84(84%) patients had not taken low dose aspirin and 16(16%) patients had Taken low dose aspirin. In Controls, 72(72%) patients had not taken low dose aspirin and 28(28%) patients had Taken low dose aspirin. Association of regular intake of low dose aspirin in their recent pregnancy with preeclampsia and intake of low dose aspirin was statistically significant (p=0.04052). In with FGR, 4 patients had Taken low dose aspirin and 40 patients had not taken low dose aspirin. In without FGR, 40 patients had Taken low dose aspirin and116 patients had not taken low dose aspirin. Association of FGR with preeclampsia and intake of low dose aspirin was statistically significant (p=0.02). Conclusion: The only effective treatment for preeclampsia, which is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality globally, is delivery of the fetus and placenta. There are various opportunities in the fields of improved risk classification, preventative measures, and treatments, and several innovations are on the horizon. When begun after 12 weeks of gestation in individuals with preeclampsia risk factors, low dose aspirin 75 mg once daily is very successful in reducing the risk of preeclampsia and improving the outcomes for both the mother and the fetus.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Introduction: Despite a significant improvement in diarrheal disease management by early initiation of inexpensive oral replacement therapy, mass education and improved generalized sanitation, still diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among children aged less than 5 years. Aims: the changes in the epidemiology and etiology of diarrheal diseases among children aged less than 5 years in the post vaccination period and alterations in pathogenic rotavirus strains. Materials and Method: This study provides comprehensive data on the changes in clinical-epidemiological conditions associated with acute diarrhea among children aged less than 5 years since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine in the National Immunization Program from September 2019. Result: Four children (1.1%) died—all of them are malnourished and had comorbidities such as Congenital heart disease (1), postadenovirus bronchiolitis obliterens (1) and undiagnosed congenital anomalies (2). The detected enteropathogens among the 4 succumbed children were adenovirus, rotavirus and mixed infections of E. coli and Salmonella. On nutritional assessment of admitted children, 364 (95.8%) were appropriate for age, 11 (2.9%) had moderate malnutrition, and 5 (1.3%) had severe malnutrition (SAM), of which 4 children died. Conclusion: The decline in rotaviral diarrhea among children in the post immunization period is evident in almost all the studies. The simultaneous emergence of newer viruses, such as norovirus and adenovirus, for which we have no vaccines, creating a new burden on the public health system necessitates continuous monitoring in both hospital and community settings. This database will aid health authorities in identifying appropriate preventive strategies to lower the incidence of pediatric diarrhea and death.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Introduction: 5–10% of pregnancies are complicated by hypertensive problems. The triple threat of hypertensive problems, bleeding, and infections is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among mothers. Aims: To compare the efficacy between Pritchard and Zuspan regimen in eclampsia and pre- eclampsia patients. To compare the complications of Pritchard and Zuspan regimen including the magnesium toxicity. To study the feto maternal outcome of eclampsia and pre-eclampsia patients with both the regimen. To prove the feasibility of Zuspan regimen in a tertiary care hospital like ours, which is not been routinely practiced here. Materials & Methods: It is an observational study. Study period was one and half years, Sample size was 90 and study area was Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital. Result: In Zuspan, the mean S.Mg Levels after 4 Hrs of Loading Dose (mg/dl) (mean± s.d.) of patients was 3.82±.55.In Pritchard, the mean S.Mg Levels after 4 Hrs of Loading Dose (mg/dl) (mean± s.d.) of patients was 4.95±2.18. Distribution of mean Variables with Regimen was statistically significant (p=.001). Conclusion: We concluded that Pregnancy-related hypertensive diseases are always dangerous, putting the mother’s life in danger as well as the fetus’s survival in jeopardy. Effective intervention and therapy are necessary to reduce perinatal morbidity and mortality. Both pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are potentially fatal illnesses that require immediate attention and treatment in order to preserve the mother’s life and lower the risk of morbidity and death.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Introduction: Despite a significant improvement in diarrheal disease management by early initiation of inexpensive oral replacement therapy, mass education and improved generalized sanitation, still diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among children aged less than 5 years. Aims: Changes in the epidemiology and etiology of diarrheal diseases among children aged less than 5 years in the post vaccination period and alterations in pathogenic rotavirus strains. Materials and Method: This study provides comprehensive data on the changes in clinical-epidemiological conditions associated with acute diarrhea among children aged less than 5 years since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine in the National Immunization Program from September 2019. Result: Four children (1.1%) died—all of them were malnourished and had comorbidities such as Congenital heart disease (1), postadenovirus bronchiolitis obliterens (1) and undiagnosed congenital anomalies (2). The detected enteropathogens among the 4 succumbed children were adenovirus, rotavirus and mixed infections of E. coli and Salmonella. On nutritional assessment of admitted children, 364 (95.8%) were appropriate for age, 11 (2.9%) had moderate malnutrition, and 5 (1.3%) had severe malnutrition (SAM), of which 4 children died. Conclusion: The decline in rotaviral diarrhea among children in the post immunization period is evident in almost all the studies. The simultaneous emergence of newer viruses, such as norovirus and adenovirus, for which we have no vaccines, creating a new burden on the public health system necessitates continuous monitoring in both hospital and community settings. This database will aid health authorities in identifying appropriate preventive strategies to lower the incidence of pediatric diarrhea and death.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background and Aim: Chronic dacryocystitis is a very common cause of lacrimal passage obstruction, which suggests that there is inflammation of the lacrimal sac. DCR is a commonly performed surgical procedure that involves connecting the lacrimal sac to the nasal mucosal flap, bypassing the nasolacrimal duct. In this study, we aimed to assess the efficacy of both conventional DCR and DCR implant methods in treating chronic dacryocystitis. Material and Methods: A comparative study was conducted among 100 patients over a period of 1 year. The 100 cases were divided into two groups: Group A, which included 50 cases that underwent conventional DCR, and Group B, which included 50 cases that underwent Pawar’s implant DCR technique. An analysis was conducted on data related to post-operative complications. Results: After undergoing conventional DCR, some patients experienced post-operative complications. These included lip oedema in 8% of patients, incisional oedema in 10% of patients, nasal mucosa haemorrhage in 6% of patients, wound gape in 4% of patients, passage obstruction in 8% of patients, hypertrophic scar in 14% of patients, and thankfully, no cases of sac infection. For group B, specifically Implant DCR, the patients experienced various post-operative complications. These included lip oedema in none of the patients, incisional oedema in 4% of patients, nasal mucosa haemorrhage in none of the patients, wound gape in none of the patients, passage obstruction in 10% of patients, hypertrophic scar in 4% of patients, and sac infection in 4% of patients. Conclusion: D.C.R. implant method has shown significantly improved results compared to the conventional D.C.R. method. Complications were found to be reduced with Implant DCR compared to conventional DCR.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Aim: Present study aims to report the effectiveness of a suture-less, glue-free, dry amniotic membrane graft in managing pterygium and preventing its recurrence. Material and Methods: This study was conducted as a prospective interventional study in the department of Ophthalmology and Surgery at the medical college and associated hospital. 42 consecutive patients with 42 various grades and types of pterygia were studied. The patients had pterygium excision with adjunctive suture-less dehydrated glue-free amniotic membrane graft. Complications such as pyogenic granuloma, inclusion cyst, or scleral thinning were documented. The occurrence of any fibrovascular growth extending from the limbus onto the cornea was evaluated by another observer (HON) using slit lamp examination. Results: Thirty patients were diagnosed with primary pterygia, while twelve patients had a history of recurrent pterygia. The total number of patients was categorized into four distinct groups according to their stages. In stage 3, a total of 28 patients were enrolled, while in stage 4, 8 patients were enrolled. A total of ten cases of pyogenic granuloma were observed. Eight of the pyogenic granulomas were effectively resolved with the use of topical 0.1% dexamethasone. However, the remaining two granulomas required surgical excision as they did not respond to conservative treatment. Conclusion: Using a suture- and glue-free technique, limbal conjunctival auto-grafting after pterygium excision proves to be a reliable, efficient, and cost-effective solution for treating both initial and recurring pterygium cases that require surgery.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Aim: To Study whether prior instillation of 0.5% Topical proparacaine potentiates mydriasis by 0.8% Tropicamide- 5% phenylephrine-induced mydriasis Objectives: 1) To compare the mydriatic efficacy of a 0.8% Tropicamide and 5% Phenylephrine combination with or without prior instillation of 0.5% Topical Proparacaine in patients attending the Outpatient Department of Ophthalmology, ACSR Government General Hospital, Nellore. 2) To Study the rate and magnitude of pupillary dilation. Methodology: In this study, 60 patients and a total of 120 eyes were examined as a part of a routine eye evaluation. The right eye was considered the study eye, and the left eye was considered the control eye. The study eye was given proparacaine 0.5% eye drops before receiving commercially available tropicamide 0.8% – phenylephrine 5% eye drops, while the control eye received only the combination drops. The size of the pupils was measured and recorded at baseline, 10, 20, and 40 minutes after instilling the mydriatic agent. The endpoint was considered to be a dilation of 8mm or at the end of 40 minutes. Results: In both the study group and the control group, the baseline (0 minutes) pupil diameter was 2.5±0.5 mm. After 20 minutes, the mean pupillary diameter in the study group was 5.5±0.5 mm, while in the control group, it was 5 ± 0.5 mm. At 40 minutes, the pupillary diameter was 8±0.5 mm in the study group and 7.5 ± 0.5 mm in the control group. Conclusion: Therefore, we recommend using Topical proparacaine 0.5% before applying Topical 0.8% Tropicamide-5% Phenylelphrine to achieve faster dilation of the pupil.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: Breast lump is one of the commonest complaints with which patients present in breast clinics. As approximately 10% of breast masses ultimately lead to a diagnosis of breast cancer, it is important for women with a breast lump to receive appropriate evaluation. A confident diagnosis can be made in 95% of the cases through a combination of clinical examination, imaging and fine needle aspiration cytology. Method: This is a data analysis study conducted at the Department of Pathology, C.U. Shah medical college, Surendranagar on 50 patients who presented with clinically palpable breast lump. Lesions of breast were compared according to their BIRADS score and FNAC findings. Result: FNAC of breast lumps is reliable method to diagnose breast lump. Conclusion: FNAC could be considered as the first method to evaluate breast lesions, recognized by means of imaging techniques.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Introduction: Intrauterine foetal death is means- intrapartum death after the foetus has reached the age of viability.  Intrauterine fetal death is one of the most devastating obstetrics complications. A clinically accepted definition of IUFD is the death of fetus at or after 20 weeks of pregnancy, but for international comparison WHO has now as a baby born with no sign of life at or after 28 weeks of gestation. Aims: To compare efficacy, safety and tolerance of combination of mifepristone and misoprostol versus misoprostol-only in induction of late intrauterine foetal death (IUFD) from 20th weeks. Materials & Methods: Study design was Randomize control study place of study was Department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Murshidabad medical college & hospital, Berhempore, Murshidabad. Period of study from 2020- 2023 and total sample size 220. Result: In Conservative, the mean Induction to Delivery time(HRS) (mean± s.d.) of patients was 102.2740 ±21.6992. In Surgery, the mean Induction to Delivery time(HRS) (mean± s.d.) of patients was 109.3636 ±26.1633. Distribution of mean Induction to Delivery time(HRS) with Group was statistically significant (p=0.0302). Conclusion: Mifepristone combined with misoprostol is more effective than misoprostol alone in reducing the induction-to-delivery interval and increasing the rate of successful vaginal delivery in cases of IUFD. Both regimens are safe, with similar complication profiles. Mifepristone-misoprostol combination may offer a more efficient approach to labor induction in IUFD.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: Pediatric dermatoses encompass a wide range of skin conditions, often varying in prevalence and severity depending on the geographic location, socioeconomic status, and genetic factors. These skin conditions can significantly impact the quality of life of children, causing physical discomfort and psychological stress. The purpose of this study was to analyze the spectrum, clinical features, and demographic profiles of pediatric dermatoses cases in a tertiary care center. Methods: This observational study was conducted over a two-year period at two Medical Colleges. A total of 500 Pediatric and Dermatology patients, aged 0 to 18 years, presenting with various dermatoses were included. Clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and demographic data were collected and analyzed. Results: Eczematous conditions (30%), infections (25%), infestations (20%), and hypersensitivity reactions (15%) were the most common dermatoses observed. The most affected age group was 5-10 years, and boys were more frequently affected than girls. Seasonal variation was observed, with a higher incidence of infectious and eczematous conditions during the monsoon season. Conclusion: Pediatric dermatoses are a common concern in tertiary care centers, with infections and eczematous conditions being the most frequently observed. Early diagnosis and appropriate management of these conditions are essential to prevent complications and improve the quality of life in children.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.

Background: Hypopigmented and depigmented skin lesions represent a significant dermatological concern in children, potentially indicating a wide range of underlying conditions, from benign developmental anomalies to serious systemic disorders. Understanding the epidemiological characteristics and clinical patterns of these lesions is essential for accurate diagnosis and management. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the clinical and epidemiological patterns of hypopigmented and depigmented lesions in pediatric patients, identify the most common etiologies, and evaluate the impact of demographic factors on the prevalence and distribution of these lesions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at two Medical Colleges over two years, including 500 Pediatric and Dermatology patients aged 0-18 years presenting with hypopigmented or depigmented lesions. Detailed clinical evaluations were performed, and diagnoses were confirmed through relevant laboratory investigations. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests, logistic regression, and ANOVA, were conducted to assess associations between patient demographics, lesion types, and clinical outcomes. Results: The most common diagnoses were vitiligo (30%), pityriasis alba (25%), and tinea versicolor (20%). Statistically significant associations were observed between lesion type and age group (p < 0.05) as well as lesion type and gender (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that family history of autoimmune diseases significantly increased the likelihood of developing vitiligo (OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.8-5.7). Conclusion: Hypopigmented and depigmented lesions are common in the pediatric population, with distinct epidemiological patterns that vary by age and gender. Early identification and management are crucial in minimizing psychological impact and preventing complications.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.