There are many semisolid dosage forms but creams, pastes, emulsions, ointments, gels, and rigid foams etc are main examples of this category of dosage form. They serve as carriers for drugs that are topically, administered by route of the skin (derma), retina, rectal tissue, nasal mucosa, vagina, buccal tissue, urethral membrane, and external ear lining. Extant definitions of lotions, gels, creams and ointments vary depending on literature source, market history or traditional use. This often leads to confusion when deciding which topical Dosages forms to prescribe and purchase. The purpose of this study is to obtain a scientifically based, regular classification of Dosages forms for topical drugs. A variety of prescriptions and over the counter topical products currently marketed as lotions, gels, creams, and ointments are evaluations using variant techniques including rheology, viscosity and shear rate versus shear stress, loss on drying , specific gravity, surface tension, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), water absorption, dilution properties, microscopic evaluation, transmittance of visible light, features (appearance)or conformation (composition). Skin is the largest organ of the humanitarian corpus and plays the most important role in protecting against microorganisms and foreign body. The important instruments such as topical, regional and Transdermal are widely used for delivery of variant dosages forms. The main use of semi-solid dosage form additives are controlling the development of absorption, maintaining the viscosity, improving the stability as well as organoleptic (sense organs) Property and increasing the bulk of the (synthesis) formulation.

Drugs are the most important component of health care expenditures, and more attention is being drawn to the relation between the costs of medication and their benefits. Pharmacoeconomics is a sub-discipline of health economics which serve to guide optimal healthcare resource allocation, in a standardized and scientifically grounded manner. The pharmacoeconomic evaluation along with pharmacoepidemiology studies aims to bring together the various specialties of medicine, epidemiology, biostatistics, health services research, and the social sciences to evaluate the effectiveness of existing and new prescription drugs in relation to their risks and costs; to study how medications are used by physicians and patients; and to develop methods to optimize prescription drug use. Pharmacoeconomic evaluations compare both cost and consequences of at least two interventions which helps in establishing accountability that is claimed by a manufacturer. Proper application of pharmacoeconomics will allow the pharmacy practitioners and administrators to make better and more informed decisions regarding products and services they provide.

The chemical interaction between plants known as allelopathy has gained popularity as a potential method for increasing the productivity and sustainability of Indian agriculture. In this review, the contribution of allelopathy to the development of the Indian agricultural industry is examined. It draws attention to the advantages of allelopathic plants and crops for weed control, crop enhancement, soil fertility improvement, and ecological sustainability. It also explores the difficulties and potential solutions for utilising allelopathy’s full potential in Indian agriculture. India can advance ecologically friendly agricultural methods, lessen reliance on synthetic inputs, and support the worldwide transition to sustainable agriculture by taking use of allelopathic interactions. Allelopathy is a useful biochemical tactic in interactions between various plants, such as crops and weeds. It is a crucial tactic in the colonisation of several invasive foreign plants. Through the release of secondary metabolites (also known as allelochemicals) into the soil, allelopathic plants have an impact on the development of nearby plants.

Background: Infant and young child feeding practices in India are alarmingly inadequate, often attributed to low literacy rates and a lack of health education among mothers. Additionally, misconceptions and false beliefs regarding the appropriate age for initiating complementary feeding further hinder proper nutrition for infants. Aim of the Study: This study aims to evaluate the infant and young child feeding practices among mothers visiting the Outpatient Department at a tertiary care center in Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: The study included 280 infants attending the outpatient department. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with mothers of children under the age of two, with an average interview duration of 30 minutes. A structured questionnaire was developed to gather information on infant and young child feeding practices, maternal knowledge, and details regarding maternal education and family socioeconomic status. Results: The findings revealed that among the 280 children studied, 66.3% were breastfed within the first hour after birth, and 64.8% were exclusively breastfed for up to six months. Among infants aged 6 to 9 months, only 33.8% received minimal meal frequency, and just 29.5% had access to adequately diverse food groups. For the age group of 9 to 24 months, only 42.7% met the minimal meal frequency criteria, while 44.8% of children fulfilled the minimum diversity criteria. Conclusion: There is a pressing need for health education on nutritional practices to empower primary caregivers, enabling them to provide effective support and counselling to parents.

Background: A survey across eight countries found that 70% of children use mobile phones, with ages 10 and 12 being the most common ages to receive their first phone among those aged 15 and 16. Objectives: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of mobile phone use among parents and children, and to examine the health effects of mobile use on children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 300 children aged 5-15 years. Data were collected through interviews using a standardized questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS and Excel, focusing on percentages and proportions. Results: Among parents, 90% reported using a mobile phone, with 82% owning a smartphone with internet access. A majority (68%) of these parents use their phones for more than four hours daily. Additionally, 97% of children surveyed use mobile phones. Parents primarily provide mobile phones to children for academic support (65%) and to introduce them to technology (54%). Health issues linked to mobile use among children included eye strain (19%), watery eyes (28%), neck pain (80%), headaches (54%), and minor symptoms like finger and wrist pain (7%). Conclusion: Mobile phone use among children is increasing, with rising prevalence contributing to various physical, mental, and social health issues.