Urolithiasis, or stone disease occurs in 7% of women and 12% of men at some point, and these statistics are rising. Furthermore, for those who form a stone, the likelihood of a recurrence is nearly 50% within 5 years of initial diagnosis. Therefore, the need for effective, minimally invasive alternatives for stone eradication and prevention is critical. In general, urinary stones may include various combinations of chemicals. Mainly typical stones have calcium in combination with either oxalate or phosphate. The uric acid stones are much less common and the rare cystine stones. It was found that 80% of kidney stone cases are among men and only 20% are women.

Background: Intra- articular fractures of the distal radius represent high energy, complex, unstableinjuries and the optimal method of treatment remains controversial. Methods: This Observational Randomized uncontrolled Study from January 2019 to August 2019. Fifteen patients underwent open reduction and palmar locking plate fixation, and 15patients underwent closed reduction and K-wire augmented external fixation on random basis. For functional and radiological assessments, Demerit score were used and grip strength was measured using a Dynamometer. Subjective functional assessment was made using the DASH scale. The follow-up period was at least 6 months. Results: The radiological parameters at three and six months were better in patients treated with plate group. Patients in the plate group had better functional outcome score (DASH). The findings were statistically significant at three months period but did not show any significance at six months period. Functionally and radiologically (DEMERIT Score) plate group had better score. The findings were statistically significant in three months period, but did not show any significance at six months period. Patients in the plate group showed better grip strength. In patients whose right hand was involved the findings were statistically significant at three months but at six months there was no statistical significance. Conclusion: Treatment with open reduction and internal fixation for intra articular fractures of distal end ofradius provides good radiological results. However, objective and subjective functional assessment showed no significant superiority between external fixation and volar plate fixation at 6 months follow-up.

Background: The fractures of the tibial plateau are intraarticular fractures accounting for 1% of all fractures. Surgical management of such fractures is often challenging because they require anatomical reduction and stable fixation, which will allow for early rehabilitation. Arthroscopy has evolved nowadays and arthroscopically assisted reduction and fixation is a good option among the available surgical options. Methods: This prospective study included 50 cases of tibial plateau fractures managed surgically by arthroscopic‑assisted reduction and fixation starting from January 2019 to August 2019. Results: The patients were 39 years old on average and were mostly men (58%). The right knee was the most usually injured (53%), and the most common cause of injury (41.5%) was a fall from a height. The majority of these fractures (44.5%) belonged to Schatzker type 2, followed by type 1 (37%) and type 3 (18.5%). The average time to complete weight‑bearing for a Schatzker type I fracture was 10 weeks, 11.5 weeks for a type II fracture, and 13.5 weeks for a type III fracture. The average time to union for Schatzker type I was 13 weeks, 15.5 weeks for type II, and 16 weeks for type III. The mean clinical and radiological scores using the modified Rasmussen criteria were 26.3 and 7.3, respectively. Conclusion: A good surgical outcome of tibial plateau fracture is acquired when anatomic articular surface reconstruction with the elevation of depressed bone fragment is combined with rigid stable fixation, which permits early rehabilitation. Arthroscopy helps in achieving these goals by providing a good visualization of the articular surfaces, adequate fracture reduction, and anatomical restoration of the joint surface and aids in thorough joint lavage to remove the intraarticular debris.