Quinazolinones have various biological activities such as anticancer, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anticonvulsant, antihistaminic, antiinflammatory, antifungal, anthelmintics and antiviral activities. In this research some of compounds 2,3-disubtituted quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives had been synthesized under microwave irradiation. The compounds were obtained from reaction some of benzoxazine derivatives with hydrazine hydrate using microwave irradiation and the result of reaction we obtained 82-96%. The products had been tested by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and Mass Spectroscopy analysis. The using microwave irradiation was more effective and efficient to produce compounds 2,3-disubtituted quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivative because the reaction runs perfectly without any minor products such as compounds N-(2-(hydrazinecarbonyl)phenyl)benzamide derivatives.

Introduction: The aim of study was to analyze the pattern of malocclusion and their prevalence among patient visiting Dental College, Ranchi to establish baseline date for developing better treatment facility and future research Work. Settings and Design: All the patients were examined in a Dental Chair light and evaluation of Occlusion position in centric occlusion were recorded by asking the subject to swallow and then to Occlude. The samples were divided into Different groups, on the basis of Angle’s classification. A qualitative analysis with Angle’s classification was used to describe the anteroposterior relationship of maxillary and mandibular first molars. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 1720 patients who attended the orthodontic department from February 2017 to January 2020. Each patient was examined for malocclusion, dentofacial patterns and dentofacial characteristics were recorded. The pattern and prevalence of different malocclusion was assessed. Results: The results of the study showed that most common malocclusion was Angles class I. Total of 1219 (70.66%) Patients reported with Angles Class I malocclusion. The second most common malocclusion was Angles Class II with Increase Over jet 392 (22.72%). The least common malocclusion was Angles Class III 37 (02.14%). Conclusion: Most Prevalent malocclusion among patient consulting for orthodontic treatment in Dental College, Ranchi is Angles Class I malocclusion. Among class I malocclusion crowding of teeth is more prevalent than spacing of teeth.

Background: The uric acid-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (UHR) has emerged as a novel indicator of inflammatory and metabolic status. This study aims to examine the association between UHR and bone mineral density (BMD), as well as the risk of osteoporosis, in individuals aged ≥50 years. Methods: Focusing on participants aged ≥50 years. Femoral neck BMD (FN-BMD) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Linear regression models were employed to examine the association between UHR and FN-BMD. Additionally, generalised additive models were used to assess the nonlinear relationship between UHR and FN-BMD. Logistic regression models were employed to evaluate the association between UHR and the risk of osteoporosis. Results: adults with a mean age of 64.16 ± 8.92 years. Linear regression analyses revealed a positive association between UHR and FN-BMD, regardless of covariate adjustments. Logistic regression analyses indicated that elevated UHR was associated with a reduced risk of osteoporosis with or without covariate adjustments. Subgroup analyses revealed that the positive association between UHR and BMD was significant in individuals aged ≥65 years but not in those aged 50 to 64 years. Interaction analyses by age showed significant differences after adjusting for all covariates. Conclusions: Clinicians should be vigilant regarding the potential risk of osteoporosis in individuals with a low UHR. UHR might serve as a risk indicator for osteoporosis

Background: Although postoperative shoulder pain surgery is severe, the quality of its management has not been studied in comparison with pain after other orthopedic surgeries. Furthermore, reports have investigated daytime pain, but none have discussed night-time pain. Objective: This study aimed to compare perioperative pain management in patients who underwent Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair (ARCR) and those who underwent lower extremity arthroplasty. Methods: The study population included 33 patients who underwent ARCR and 21 patients who underwent lower- extremity arthroplasty between August 2015 and March 2016. For postoperative analgesia, an interscalene brachial plexus block was used for ARCR, and an epidural block was used for lower extremity arthroplasty. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for rest and night pain was measured from the day before the operation to the fourth postoperative day. Results: In ARCR, night pain was significantly weaker on the day of surgery (VAS, ARCR 23.9 vs. lower extremity arthroplasty 47.9; P = 0.008). Conclusion: It was confirmed that postoperative pain can be well managed in patients undergoing ARCR. However, because the pain worsened after the removal of the block, further improvement is required.

Introduction: Physical inactivity (PI) is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality and is a potentially modifiable condition. Understanding its sociodemographic correlates can help in planning effective preventive measures. Material and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 200 adults aged 20–60 years, who provided informed consent, were selected using simple random sampling. Pregnant women and individuals with febrile illnesses or physical disabilities were excluded. Data were collected using a predesigned structured proforma and the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Statistical analysis, including the chi-square test and logistic regression, was performed using IBM SPSS 23.0. Results: The prevalence of PI was found to be 47.7% (95% CI: 42.0–52.6). PI was significantly higher in urban areas (55.3% vs. 41.1% in rural areas) and among females compared to males (68.7% vs. 34.9%). The prevalence of PI was 74.3% during work, 78.9% during travel, and 88.5% during recreation. Being female increased the odds of PI nearly tenfold (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 9.7, 95% CI: 1.6–58.5). Unskilled workers/laborers and farmers, who were engaged in active occupational work, had significantly lower odds of PI (AOR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1–0.5 and AOR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.01–0.6, respectively). Conclusion: PI is highly prevalent among adults, particularly in urban areas and among women. Targeted interventions to promote physical activity, especially in recreational domains, are recommended. Further studies are needed to explore barriers to physical activity and develop effective strategies to address this issue.

Background: Acute diarrheal diseases (ADD) contribute significantly to preventable childhood mortality in India, particularly among children under five, who are more vulnerable to dehydration and complications. Materials and Methods: A community-based, prospective, longitudinal study was conducted in an urban area of Goa. A total of 100 children and their mothers were enrolled through a stratified random sampling technique. House-to-house visits were conducted every three months, and mothers were interviewed using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. The study was conducted over 6 months, from August 2019 to February 2020. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Statistical tests such as Student’s t-test and Chi-square test were applied. Results: The incidence of ADD was 0.124 episodes per child per year. A significant association was found between ADD and socio-demographic factors such as child’s sex, birth order, birth weight, immunization status, malnutrition, maternal age, maternal education, and hygiene practices. Conclusions: Educating mothers on timely treatment-seeking behavior, home-based management of diarrhea, the use of ORS and zinc supplementation, and the importance of hygiene practices—such as handwashing—should be emphasized to reduce the burden of ADD in children under five.

Introduction: This study compares laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) with open appendectomy (OA) in terms of postoperative outcomes, including pain, recovery time, hospital stay, and complications in patients with acute appendicitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients with acute appendicitis were enrolled, with 50 undergoing LA and 50 undergoing OA. Postoperative pain was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and hospital stay, recovery time, and complications were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests. Results: The LA group had significantly lower postoperative pain (VAS: 3.2 ± 1.4 at 6 hours) compared to the OA group (VAS: 5.5 ± 1.9, p < 0.001). Hospital stays were shorter for the LA group (2.3 ± 0.9 days) versus the OA group (4.5 ± 1.3 days, p < 0.001). The LA group also had a quicker return to normal activities (7.5 ± 2.1 days) compared to the OA group (12.8 ± 3.4 days, p < 0.001). The complication rate was significantly lower in the LA group (4%) compared to the OA group (12%) (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Laparoscopic appendectomy offers significant advantages over open appendectomy, including reduced pain, shorter hospital stays, and faster recovery. These findings support the use of laparoscopy as the preferred method for treating acute appendicitis.

Background: Ovarian tumours constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms ranging from benign cystic lesions to highly aggressive malignant tumours. Accurate preoperative discrimination between benign and malignant ovarian masses remains a major clinical challenge. The Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI), which combines serum CA-125 levels, ultrasonographic findings, and menopausal status, has emerged as a practical tool for predicting ovarian malignancy before surgery. The present study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic utility of RMI in differentiating benign and malignant ovarian tumours and to correlate RMI scores with histopathological findings. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of a tertiary care teaching hospital between January 2018 and March 2020. A total of 150 women presenting with ovarian masses and scheduled for surgical management were included. Detailed clinical examination, ultrasonographic evaluation, menopausal status assessment, and serum CA-125 estimation were performed preoperatively. RMI was calculated using the formula: RMI = U × M × CA-125. Histopathological examination of the excised specimen served as the gold standard. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: Among the 150 patients studied, 119 (79.3%) had benign tumours and 31 (20.7%) had malignant tumours. Malignancy was significantly associated with advanced age, postmenopausal status, elevated CA-125 levels, and complex ultrasonographic features (p<0.001). Using an RMI cut-off value of 200, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy were 83.9%, 95.8%, 86.7%, 94.1%, and 92.0%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.91, indicating excellent diagnostic performance. Conclusion: RMI is a simple, cost-effective, and reliable method for the preoperative assessment of ovarian tumours. It demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing malignant from benign ovarian masses and can facilitate timely referral to gynaecologic oncology centres.

Background: Fungal infections represent an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. Histopathological examination remains an important diagnostic modality for the identification of fungal organisms and assessment of tissue response. Aim: To evaluate the clinicopathological spectrum of fungal infections diagnosed histopathologically in a tertiary care hospital in Mangalore and to analyze their demographic distribution, organ involvement, and diagnostic characteristics. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted over a four-year period (2010–2013) in the Department of Pathology of a tertiary care teaching hospital. All histopathological specimens demonstrating fungal elements on routine and special stains were included. Demographic data, clinical presentation, organ involvement, predisposing factors, and histopathological findings were analyzed. Sections were stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS), and Gomori Methenamine Silver (GMS) stains wherever indicated. Results: Sixty histopathologically confirmed fungal infections were identified, accounting for 0.31% of all histopathological specimens received during the study period. Males constituted 61.7% (n=37) of cases. The highest incidence was observed in the 41–50 years age group (26.7%). Skin and subcutaneous tissue were the most commonly affected sites (33.3%), followed by the respiratory tract (21.7%) and sinonasal region (18.3%). Aspergillosis (30.0%) and candidiasis (25.0%) were the predominant fungal infections. Histopathological examination successfully identified fungal organisms in all cases, while clinical suspicion was documented in only 65% of patients. Conclusion: Histopathology remains a rapid, reliable, and cost-effective diagnostic tool for fungal infections. A significant proportion of cases were incidentally diagnosed, highlighting the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion and routinely employing special stains in suspicious lesions.