Sublingual drug delivery is often an alternate and better choice of route in comparison to oral drug delivery as sublingually administered dosage forms bypass hepatic metabolism. A rapid onset of pharmacological effect is usually desired for a few drugs, especially those utilized in the treatment of acute disorders and need onset of action. Sublingual tablets disintegrate rapidly and therefore the bit of saliva present is typically sufficient for achieving disintegration of the dosage form including better dissolution and increased bioavailability with effective therapeutic range. Sublingual tablets were found to possess better characteristics in comparison to standard conventional dosage forms. Sublingually administered tablets achieved better bioavailability, rapid onset of action and better dissolution properties increasing the fast disintegration. The addition of Superdisintegrants facilitated rapid disintegration and this approach is often needed to treat acute disorders or emergency conditions with showing onset of action. The sublingual route of administration is often used for drugs which undergo first pass metabolism or degradation within the GIT process. Drugs administered sublingually tend to possess better bioavailability which is better approach other than conventional tablets.

One of the most important causes of visual difficulty for near is presbyopia. It is an important and the most common cause in adult population. IT has been seen that presbyopia accounted for 71.8%, cataract and pterygium accounted for 16.5 and 2.5% of total cases of visual impairment for near respectively. This holds for the entire population globally. Presbyopia is an ever-increasing global problem affecting over a billion worldwide. The increase in the number of the aging population has prompted health care professionals to find ways to manage the situation with various non-surgical and surgical means effectively. The current article discusses these surgical and non-surgical means of presbyopia correction.

Introduction: Leprosy is one of the most ancient diseases known to mankind. It is a chronic, debilitating, granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium Leprae principally affecting the cooler parts of the body, mainly skin and peripheral nerves. Leprosy reactions are immunologically mediated episodes of acute or subacute inflammation which interrupt the natural course of disease affecting the skin, nerves and others tissues. Reactional states are divided into two forms, called type I and type II reactions. Material and Methods: Present study was carried out in patients attending the Outpatient and Inpatient, Department of department of DVL Index Medical College, Indore from January 2015 to December 2018. Gross examinations of biopsies were done and Histopathological features and the bacteriological status were noted and the diagnosis of leprosy was confirmed and classified according to Ridley and Jopling classification. Results: Out of total 50 patients, 19 patients were of Type I reaction while 31 of Type II reaction. Among 19 type I reaction patients, 14 were of Borderline Tuberculoid, 03 of Mid Borderline while 2 were of Borderline Lepromatous, thus BT patients had higher incidence of type I reaction. Among 31 type II patients 20 were of lepromatous leprosy while rest 11 of borderline lepromatous. Conclusion: In the present study prevalence of type II Lepra reaction was higher than type I Lepra reaction. This study emphasizes the need for detailed history, clinical examination and investigations including biopsy for timely recognition of reactions, in order to halt the progress and prevent the permanent damage it causes.