Rural women have now demonstrated that they not only contribute significantly to India’s socioeconomic growth but also play a critical role in dairy farming.  As a supplementary activity to the agriculture sector, milk production in India is mostly centred on marginal and small farm size groups in rural regions. In addition, the cooperatives milk producers’ union represents a handful of organised dairy farms. In this nation, the animals’ limited genetic potential contributes to their high cost and insufficient milk output.
Farming methods in the poor countries differ greatly in how profitable milk production is. This is a result of low animal production and an ineffective marketing-chain structure, which makes it difficult for farmers to make money from their dairying operations. Customers are not effectively provided for due to the absence of cooling facilities for milk storage and the necessity of adulterating the raw product along the market chain to increase profit margins. The purchase of higher-quality feeds and veterinary medicines, along with cooperative milk sales, have increased the financial resilience of small-holder farming communities all over the world. However, the co-operative model has not been successful in many areas, largely due to a lack of trust between families even within the communities. Commercial realities requires agricultural communities to collaborate in order to attain financial sustainability, albeit the specific model used by each group may vary.

One of the biggest issues on the planet right now is pollution. To meet the demand for agricultural products and to feed the expanding population, farmers use a variety of chemical fertilisers to boost production and control weeds and insect pests. Overuse of synthetic pesticides and fertilisers has had a detrimental effect on both the environment and human health. The increasing destruction of environmental resources is therefore the biggest threat to humanity on the globe. The rapidly rising population in emerging countries intensified the mismatch between human wants and resource sustainability. Chemical fertilisers have increased agricultural output while causing severe environmental and health problems. Chemical fertilisers’ phosphates and nitrates are the main contributors to water pollution.

The significant adsorption isotherms, Freundlich constants (K, and N), dissemination coefficient (Kd), and other thermodynamic boundaries were used to take into account the adsorption thermodynamics of endosulphan on Tarai sandy topsoil soil at 10 °C, 20 °C, and 40 °C, respectively. The data were well fitted by the Freundlich condition and yielded L-formed isotherms at all of the temperatures considered. In order to anticipate the concept of the adsorption cycle, thermodynamic boundaries such as the thermodynamic balance steady (Ko), the standard free energy change (G°), the standard enthalpy change (H°), and the standard entropy change (S°) have been established.

You will learn briefly about the application of biotechnology in agriculture in this article. The best definition of biotechnology is the application of scientific methods to enhance and change the value of microbes, plants, and animals. Biotechnology has been a part of several industries throughout the years, including genetic engineering, agriculture, and medicine. The general public who are not experts in the field but are interested in taking part in the current discussion regarding the future of genetically modified crops is the target audience for this introductory essay. This subject is especially pertinent at this time since a new round of international trade negotiations will be discussed in Seattle in December 1999, and one of the topics up for discussion will be the international commerce of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This essay only discusses genetically engineered plants. In the future, CAST plans to publish a number of studies that will go into further detail and consider genetic manipulation in a wider context than just crops.

Immunologic defence against economically significant livestock illnesses is provided through vaccines. When vaccinations are administered at the wrong time, recipients are immunosuppressed, and/or the infectious challenge is higher than the immunologic protection provided by immunisation, vaccine efficacy may not be realised. Because there are few randomised, controlled field trials that assess vaccine effectiveness and some vaccination practises flout vaccine label instructions, vaccine recommendations for cattle sometimes rely on anecdotal evidence and tradition rather than scientific data. Veterinarians should take into account recent studies comparing the effectiveness of on-arrival vs delayed immunisation in freshly acquired stocker and feedlot animals observed in the field. Additionally, when two or more gram-negative bacterins are supplied simultaneously, the danger of endotoxicity increases, thus veterinarians and producers should avoid endotoxin stacking.

The present study is indicated the overview about cropping system and cropping patters in india Farmers made their crop selections based on physical, social, and economic considerations. On occasion, they rotate a specific crop combination over a period of time while cultivating a variety of crops on their farms. But it is noteworthy that the finest farming techniques always adhere to specific cropping patterns and cropping systems to increase productivity and preserve soil fertility

One of the biggest issues on the planet right now is pollution. To meet the demand for agricultural products and to feed the expanding population, farmers use a variety of chemical fertilisers to boost production and control weeds and insect pests. Overuse of synthetic pesticides and fertilisers has had a detrimental effect on both the environment and human health. The increasing destruction of environmental resources is therefore the biggest threat to humanity on the globe. The rapidly rising population in emerging countries intensified the mismatch between human wants and resource sustainability. Chemical fertilisers have increased agricultural output while causing severe environmental and health problems. Chemical fertilisers’ phosphates and nitrates are the main contributors to water pollution.

Recent trends in agricultural finance have been driven by various factors and innovations. Here are some abstracts summarizing the key trends Digital Transformation: The agricultural finance sector is undergoing a significant digital transformation. Technology-enabled solutions, such as mobile banking, digital payment platforms, and data analytics, are revolutionizing access to financial services for farmers. This trend is facilitating faster and more efficient transactions, reducing costs, and enabling better risk assessment for lenders.
Fintech Innovations: Financial technology (fintech) companies are playing a crucial role in expanding agricultural finance. These companies are leveraging mobile applications, online platforms, and alternative data sources to provide innovative financial products tailored to the needs of farmers. Examples include digital lending platforms, crowdfunding for agriculture, and insurance products based on satellite imagery and weather data. Impact Investing: Impact investing in agriculture has gained momentum in recent years. Investors are increasingly looking for opportunities that generate both financial returns and positive social and environmental impacts. Agricultural finance is aligning with this trend by focusing on sustainable farming practices, supporting smallholder farmers, promoting gender equality, and addressing food security and climate change challenges.
Value Chain Financing: Traditional agricultural finance models are evolving towards value chain financing approaches. Rather than solely focusing on individual farmers, lenders are increasingly financing the entire value chain, including input suppliers, processors, and distributors. This holistic approach facilitates the flow of capital throughout the value chain, strengthens market linkages, and enhances overall sector productivity.
Climate-Smart Finance: With the increasing recognition of climate change impacts on agriculture, there is a growing emphasis on climate-smart finance. Financial institutions are integrating climate risk assessment into their lending practices and offering climate insurance products to protect farmers against weather-related risks. Moreover, investments in renewable energy, precision agriculture technologies, and sustainable farming practices are being encouraged to build climate resilience in the agricultural sector.
This abstracts capture some of the recent trends in agricultural finance. However, it’s important to note that the field of agricultural finance is dynamic, and new trends and innovations continue to emerge as the sector evolves.

Wild plants have been utilized for their medicinal properties since ancient times, and their potential in modern medicine is of great interest. This abstract provides a concise overview of the medicinal effects exhibited by various wild plants, emphasizing their potential therapeutic applications and highlighting the need for further research and clinical studies. Artemisia annua (Sweet Wormwood) Medicinal Effects: Artemisia annua contains artemisinin, a compound with potent antimalarial properties. It has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria and shows promise in combating drug-resistant strains of the disease. Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew) Medicinal Effects: Taxus brevifolia is a source of paclitaxel, a powerful anticancer compound. Paclitaxel has been widely used in chemotherapy for various cancers, including ovarian, breast, and lung cancer. Vinca rosea (Madagascar Periwinkle) Medicinal Effects: Vinca rosea produces alkaloids, such as vincristine and vinblastine, which exhibit potent anticancer effects. These compounds have been used in the treatment of leukemia, lymphoma, and other cancers. Digitalis purpurea (Foxglove) Medicinal Effects: Digitalis purpurea contains cardiac glycosides, including digoxin and digitoxin, which have a positive inotropic effect on the heart. They are commonly used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and certain cardiac arrhythmias.

Nitrogen gas (N2) is the most abundant component of the Earth’s atmosphere, comprising approximately 78% of the air we breathe. However, atmospheric nitrogen is largely inert and cannot be directly utilized by plants. It needs to be converted into a usable form, such as ammonium (NH4+) or nitrate (NO3-), through biological or industrial processes. Rajasthan soil, being an arid and semi-arid region, may face challenges in terms of nitrogen availability due to low organic matter content and limited microbial activity. The nitrogen gas present in the atmosphere cannot be directly utilized by crops unless it undergoes biological nitrogen fixation or is supplemented with nitrogen fertilizers. Biological nitrogen fixation is a natural process carried out by certain bacteria, such as Rhizobium in legume root nodules, or free-living soil bacteria, like Azotobacter and Azospirillum. These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium, making it available to plants.

Rapid industrialization and urbanisation practises have put water and agricultural soils in grave danger, affecting crop output around the world and raising significant questions about food security. However, some other metals like mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and others are toxic even at low concentrations. The majority of heavy metals (HMs), such as zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and others, are essential for plant metabolic pathways when present in low amounts and become toxic at higher concentrations. The HMs stress is one of the various abiotic stresses that can alter the soil’s health and the ability of economic plants to use their resources. Plants that are legumes are members of the Fabaceae family, one of the largest families with 700 genera and 20,000 species. This chapter deals with the HM-initiated plant responses upon key metabolic processes such as seed germination, plant growth, photosynthetic pigments.

Research on inspiration has drawn in scholar and corporate elements throughout the course of recent many years. In the current review, creators have surveyed the extraordinary writing to separate all potential elements of inspiration, in a roundabout way affecting inspiration strategies. This has inspected the multidimensionality of inspiration from the current writing and presented a calculated system in light of it, and it is capable that different inspiration methods (examined in this review) are decidedly affecting both representative fulfilment and the nature of execution in the association; in any case, the model should be approved utilizing quantitative measures. To concentrate on the different issues featured in this paper connected with worker inspiration, a huge collection of writing primarily from various diaries have been consolidated. To make the concentrate more current just those reviews were incorporated which were distributed over the most recent twenty years. In past exploration papers not many elements of inspiration were utilized to make sense of the various models inspiration hypothesis which has direct effect on representative inspiration. The oddity of this study lies in its hypothetical system where creators have made an endeavor to concoct a build having aspects that straightforwardly or in a roundabout way impacts representative inspiration Knowles (1959) mentioned some of the motivating forces for adults in terms of incentives for learning as people want to gain personal prestige, improve appearance and popularity.

Soil health plays a crucial role in determining the growth and productivity of plants. This review paper aims to explore the relationship between soil health and plant growth by examining key factors that influence soil health and their impact on various aspects of plant growth. The paper highlights the importance of soil organic matter, nutrient availability, soil pH, soil structure, and soil microbial communities in promoting optimal plant growth. Furthermore, it discusses the effects of soil degradation, erosion, and pollution on soil health and plant growth. The review also provides insights into sustainable soil management practices that can enhance soil health and subsequently improve plant growth. Overall, a comprehensive understanding of the interconnections between soil health and plant growth is essential for sustainable agricultural practices and ecosystem resilience. In terms of the ability of the roots to absorb water and nutrients, plants can react to soil conditions in ways that are difficult to describe. Especially if the plants’ water supply is in jeopardy, roots that detect tough soil conditions may send inhibitory signals to the shoots that harden the plants against the effects of a deteriorating or constricting environment. This tendency is typically understood to be a feedforward reaction to the soil becoming too dry or too hard, or to the amount of accessible soil being extremely little, as with bonsai plants, or to the roots getting infected with diseases. Uncertainty surrounds the importance of significant conservative reactions that can also be induced by excessively soft soil or dirt where the roots are compelled to grow in very large pores.

The present study is indicated the overview about cropping system and cropping patters in india Farmers made their crop selections based on physical, social, and economic considerations. On occasion, they rotate a specific crop combination over a period of time while cultivating a variety of crops on their farms. But it is noteworthy that the finest farming techniques always adhere to specific cropping patterns and cropping systems to increase productivity and preserve soil fertility.

Biotechnology is the application of scientific methods to enhance and change the value of microbes, plants, and animals. Biotechnology has been a part of several industries throughout the years, including genetic engineering, agriculture, and medicine. The general public who are not experts in the field but are interested in taking part in the current discussion regarding the future of genetically modified crops is the target audience for this introductory essay. This subject is especially pertinent at this time since a new round of international trade negotiations will be discussed in Seattle in December 1999, and one of the topics up for discussion will be the international commerce of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This essay only discusses genetically engineered plants. In the future, CAST plans to publish a number of studies that will go into further detail and consider genetic manipulation in a wider context than just crops.

Groundnut is grown in kharif season as main oilseed crop in Sawai Madhopur district of Rajasthan. More of less, all the farmers of the district grow groundnut on their farms and this trend has been following since the time immemorial. Groundnut is grown by the farmers as a cash crop and sold directly without processing. To know the past trends in area, production and productivity the compound growth rate of last thirty years has been estimated. This total period of thirty years has been divided into two phases.

India is a developing nation that relies heavily on organic fertilisers to maintain or improve the soil’s nutritional status, enhance crop yields, and improve crop quality. Agricultural and animal manure are a valuable source of nutrients and organic matter for organic fertilisers. The initial carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio is one of the most significant factors influencing compost quality. As an agricultural nation, India needs large amounts of organic fertilisers to improve crop yields and quality, maintain or increase the nutrient status of soil, and improve its structure. Agricultural and animal waste is a valuable resource for organic fertilisers because of their high organic matter and nutrient content.

This article of an agriculture production economy refers to a concise summary or overview of the key aspects and characteristics of an economy that relies heavily on agricultural activities. It provides a snapshot of the relationship between agriculture and the broader economy, highlighting the role of agriculture in terms of production, employment, trade, and overall economic development.In an agriculture production economy, agriculture serves as a primary sector, where crops, livestock, and other agricultural products are cultivated, harvested, processed, and distributed. The abstract may touch upon the following points:

Economic Importance: The abstract would emphasize the significance of agriculture within the overall economy, highlighting its contribution to GDP (Gross Domestic Product), employment, and rural development. It may discuss the sector’s role as a source of income and livelihood for farmers, as well as its impact on food security.  Market Dynamics: The abstract would touch upon the market aspects of agriculture, including domestic and international trade, price fluctuations, supply and demand dynamics, and the role of government policies in regulating agricultural markets. It may mention the importance of value chains, agribusinesses, and the integration of agriculture with other sectors of the economy. Challenges and Opportunities: The abstract would briefly outline the challenges faced by the agriculture production economy, such as climate change, water scarcity, pests and diseases, and market volatility. It may also highlight potential opportunities for growth and diversification, such as the adoption of sustainable farming practices, value-added processing, agro-tourism, or organic agriculture.

Overall, the abstract of an agriculture production economy would aim to provide a concise overview of the key elements that shape the interplay between agriculture and the broader economy, shedding light on its significance, challenges, and potential pathways for sustainable growth.

Due to the excessive use of artificial fertilisers in crop output to satisfy the rising demand for agricultural production, soil fertility and human health have been severely affected. In contrast to chemical fertilisers, the use of biofertilizers promotes sustainable agriculture, an alternative and environmentally benign approach. Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms (PGPM) are the best illustration of environmentally benign biofertilizers. The tight connection of several bacteria and fungus with the plant has been found to enhance the growth and general development of agricultural plants. Agriculture-related firms are developing plans for improving bio formulations. Therefore, knowing how these bacteria work will enable us to modify and create germs that can be employed as biofertilizers. This review article has covered the transformation of a microbe into a biofertilizer, differentiating characteristics of microorganisms, and a method to optimise bio-formulations. It has been made an attempt to comprehend various biofertilizer application techniques and a practical perspective to the possible function of biofertilizers utilised for crops cultivated in Rajasthan.
One of the essential inputs needed to increase agricultural output and farmer income in India is fertiliser. According to overall fertiliser consumption, India is the second-largest consumer in the world and tops the SAARC group of nations.  However, India’s average fertiliser application per hectare in 2013–14, at roughly 145 kg, was much lower than the SAARC nations’ average, which was about 174 kg ha-1. The usage of fertiliser varies greatly between states and regions.

Spices have high restorative worth in Indian homes. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is perhaps of the most encouraging restorative spice and has healthy benefits tracked down on the mainlands of Asia, Europe, Africa and Australia. It is the customary solution for the treatment of different illnesses. After different examinations on its synthetic constituents, the restorative significance of fenugreek are known. Seeds give dietary fibres on account of high fibre content. Fenugreek contains gum, fibre, alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin and unpredictable items. It has different remedial applications like antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolemia and cell reinforcement, antibacterial specialist, hypoglycemia, gastric energizer, against anorexia specialist and so on. This article sums up the scientific writing from the information bases and distributed exploratory examination. The after-effects of this paper showed the different remedial significance of fenugreek.

Fenugreek is one of the most seasoned restorative plants with excellent restorative and wholesome profile. Fenugreek seeds contain a significant measure of fiber, phospholipids, glycolipids, oleic corrosive, linolenic corrosive, linoleic corrosive, choline, nutrients A, B1, B2, C, nicotinic corrosive, niacin, and numerous other useful components. It might develop well under different and a large number of conditions; it is decently lenient to dry season and saltiness, and could in fact be developed on negligible grounds in productive manner. Attributable to these qualities and weighty metal remediation potential, fenugreek might very much fit a few trimming frameworks. Notwithstanding its restorative purposes, it might act as an amazing slow time of year grub and creature food supplement. Nonetheless, endeavors ought to be started to foster procedures for further developing its biomass creation; hereditary variety among various increases might be planned, reproducing and crop improvement projects might be started to work on the biomass and healthful and useful components. This audit features the morphology, versatility, dietary constituents and related usefulness and restorative meaning of fenugreek; its ethno-verifiable purposes, pharmacological suppositions have additionally been talked about. Researchable regions are additionally shown to work on its creation and flexibility.

Background: Traditionally, myringoplasty has been performed using microscopic techniques. However, the introduction of endoscopic ear surgery offers a viable alternative with potential advantages. Comparative data on the surgical outcomes between these two methods, particularly regarding graft uptake success, hearing improvement, and perioperative factors, remain limited. This study aims to compare endoscopic-assisted myringoplasty and conventional microscopic myringoplasty in terms of graft uptake success, hearing improvement, duration of hospital stays, and operation time. Methods: This prospective study involved 60 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media and central perforation, randomly assigned into two groups of 30. Group 1 underwent endoscopic myringoplasty, while Group 2 underwent conventional microscopic myringoplasty. Both procedures used a temporalis fascia graft with the underlay technique. Surgical outcomes were evaluated at 24 weeks postoperatively. Results: Graft uptake success rates were 91.4% in the endoscopic group and 88.6% in the conventional group (p>0.05). The mean postoperative air-bone gap was 17 ± 2.4 dB in the endoscopic group versus 18 ± 2.8 dB in the conventional group. The endoscopic group had significantly shorter mean operation time and hospital stay compared to the conventional group. Conclusion: Endoscopic myringoplasty achieves comparable graft success and hearing outcomes to conventional microscopic myringoplasty, with the added benefits of reduced operation time and shorter hospital stays. This endoscopic approach presents a promising alternative to conventional techniques.

Background: Tympanoplasty is frequently used to manage chronic otitis media, traditionally performed under local anesthesia. However, there is a rising preference for general anesthesia in these cases. The use of lidocaine with adrenaline infiltration during tympanoplasty under general anesthesia remains debated, particularly regarding its benefits in controlling postoperative pain and reducing intraoperative bleeding. The aim is to evaluate the efficacy of 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 adrenaline infiltration versus sterile water infiltration in patients undergoing type 1 tympanoplasty under general anesthesia, with a focus on postoperative pain relief, intraoperative bleeding, and surgical duration. Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blind study involved 60 patients scheduled for type 1 tympanoplasty under general anesthesia. Participants were randomly assigned to either a lidocaine-adrenaline groupor a sterile water group. Postoperative pain was measured using a visual analog scale at 2, 4, and 6 hours after surgery. Intraoperative bleeding volume and surgery duration were also recorded. Results: Group A had significantly lower pain scores at 2 hours postoperatively than Group B (p=0.0021). No significant differences in pain were observed at the 4 and 6-hour marks. Subgroup analysis showed male patients in Group A had notably lower pain scores at 2 hours (p<0.001). There were no significant differences in intraoperative bleeding (p=0.77) or surgical duration (p=0.47) between the groups. Lidocaine with adrenaline infiltration provides superior early postoperative pain control in type 1 tympanoplasty under general anesthesia, particularly in male patients. However, it does not significantly affect intraoperative bleeding or surgery duration.

Background: Febrile seizures are the most common type of convulsion in infants and young children, occurring in association with fever but without an underlying serious cause. They typically appear between 6 months and 5 years of age. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of febrile seizures prior to the onset of afebrile seizures in children with epilepsy. Materials and Methods: The study included children aged 1 to 14 years diagnosed with idiopathic or cryptogenic epilepsy, as well as other rare epilepsy syndromes. Children with acute symptomatic seizures or epilepsy due to identifiable acquired lesions (such as granulomas) were excluded. Of the 50 cases analyzed, 24 were localization-related, 23 were generalized, and 1 case had an undetermined syndrome. Results: Febrile seizures were observed before the onset of afebrile seizures in 8 of the 50 cases. Among these, 4 children later developed generalized epilepsy syndromes, 3 developed localization-related epilepsy, and 1 had an undetermined syndrome. Four percent of cases presented with cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy, of which 3% involved complex partial seizures originating in the temporal lobe. Among three children with absence epilepsy, one (33%) had a history of febrile seizures preceding the onset of absence seizures. Additionally, two children with idiopathic generalized epilepsy had a family history of febrile/afebrile seizures and a prior history of febrile seizures, consistent with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) syndrome. One case had febrile seizures from 6 months to 5 years of age, and another case experienced febrile seizures at 3 years followed by two afebrile seizures at ages 9 and 13. One case of symptomatic generalized epilepsy (50%) had a prior history of febrile seizures. Conclusion: Febrile seizures preceded the onset of epilepsy in 15% of patients, with one case meeting criteria for GEFS+ syndrome, a genetic syndrome associated with sodium channel abnormalities. Febrile seizures were also observed before the development of childhood absence epilepsy and cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy, particularly in children with complex partial seizures.

Background: Overweight and obesity are characterized by an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat that can negatively impact health. Their prevalence is rising globally, affecting nearly every country and age group. Childhood obesity is particularly concerning as it poses future risks for various non-communicable diseases. Aim and Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with overweight and obesity in school-aged children. Methodology: A total of 550 school children were examined. Data were gathered using a pretested questionnaire that included socio-demographic information, anthropometric measurements, and various risk factors such as screen time, physical activity levels, and junk food consumption. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. Results and Discussion: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the study population was found to be 8.72% and 1.28%, respectively. Both conditions were significantly linked to higher socioeconomic status, excessive screen time (more than 2 hours per day), reliance on vehicles for school commutes, consumption of junk food more than twice a week, and insufficient physical activity (less than 30 minutes per day).